Respiratory System (Chapter 7)

Question 1

Structures

Answer 1

• nose
• nasal cavity
• pharynx
• larynx
• trachea
• bronchi
• alveoli
• diaphragm

Question 2

Functions

Answer 2

• conducts air in and out of lungs
• gas exchange between air and blood
• humidifies air to prevent membrane from drying out
• warms air to maintain body temp and dec vasoconstriction
• filter air by mucus and cilia

Question 3

Pressure changes

Answer 3

air moves high to low

Question 4

Inspiration

Answer 4

• inc intrathoracic cavity volume
• diaphragm contracts (lowers pressure)
• muscles elevate ribs

Question 5

What muscles elevate the ribs

Answer 5

• external intercostals
• scalenes
• sternocleidomastoid
• pectoralis minor

Question 6

Expiration

Answer 6

• dec intrathoracic cavity volume
• diaphragm relaxes (inc pressure)
• muscles lower ribs

Question 7

What muscles lower the ribs

Answer 7

• internal intercostals
• rectus abdominals
• internal obliques

Question 8

Airflow

Answer 8

pressure difference (P1-P2) / resistance of airway

Question 9

Airflow resistance

Answer 9

• inc by inc pressure diff/dec resistance
• diameter of airway effects airflow
• during exercise, bronchodilation dec = inc airflow

Question 10

Measuring pulmonary (respiratory variables)

Answer 10

• tidal volume (air moved per breath)
• frequency (# of breaths per min)
• volume of air expired (Ve) (total volume of air expired per min) (tidal volume x frequency)

Question 11

Lung capacity

Answer 11

• volumed measured with spirometry
• vital capacity is max tidal volume
• reserve volume is vital capacity - resting tidal volume

Question 12

Residual volume

Answer 12

• air left in lungs after max expiration
• keeps lungs from collapsing
• allows for gas exchange between breaths

Question 13

Total lung volume

Answer 13

Vital capacity + residual volume

Question 14

Anatomical dead space

Answer 14

• not all the air reaches alveoli (in air body with no function)
• high tidal volume dec dead space (plateaus at high intensity)

Question 15

Frequency/depth of breathing

Answer 15

• inc depth occurs before inc frequency
• frequency is the only thing left to inc Ve

Question 16

Exercise induced bronchospasm

Answer 16

inflammation due to aggravation

Question 17

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Asthma

Answer 17

overall inflammation at airway when worked
- causes bronchospasm

Question 18

Bronchospasm

Answer 18

muscles that line your bronchi (airways in your lungs) tighten

Question 19

Bronchitis

Answer 19

inflamed bronchi (chronic bronchospasm)

Question 20

Emphysema

Answer 20

damaged/enlarged alveoli

Question 21

Pulmonary fibrosis

Answer 21

scarred tissue, stiff lung tissue

Question 22

Promoting diffusion

Answer 22

• large surface area
• thin respiratory membrane
• pressure difference of O2 and CO2

Question 23

Dalton’s Law

Answer 23

total pressure = sum of partial pressure

Question 24

Henry’s Law

Answer 24

amount of gases dissolved in any liquid depends on temp, solubility, and partial pressure

Question 25

Oxygen diffusion

Answer 25

partial pressure of O2 needs to be higher in alveoli then blood and higher in blood then tissues

Question 26

Carbon dioxide diffusion

Answer 26

partial pressure of CO2 needs to be higher in blood then alveoli and higher in tissue then blood

Question 27

What determines lung blood flow

Answer 27

cardiac output

Question 28

Inc blood flow

Answer 28

- inc gas diffusion - dec time for equilibration

Question 29

how long does diffusion take

Answer 29

about 0.25 sec

Question 30

Blood pressure in pulmonary

Answer 30

dec vascular resistance = dec damage to respiratory membrane

Question 31

Oxygen transport

Answer 31

>98% is transported by hemoglobin

Question 32

dec O2 on hemoglobin is caused by what

Answer 32

inc temp and acid

Question 33

Inc O2 on hemoglobin is caused by what

Answer 33

dec temp and acid

Question 34

Carbon dioxide transport

Answer 34

- 70% is transported as bicarbonate in plasma - 20% is transported by hemoglobin - 7-10% is dissolved in plasma

Question 35

What does CO2 bond to in blood

Answer 35

H2O = H2CO3

Question 36

Gas exchange at muscles

Answer 36

occurs due to pressure difference between blood and tissues

Question 37

Myoglobin

Answer 37

- O2 transport molecule - found in skeletal and cardiac muscles - reversibly binds to O2 - O2 storage

Question 38

Respiratory control center

Answer 38

- a portion of the medulla oblongata and pons - "pace maker" - controls respiratory muscles based on input/feedback

Question 39

Higher brain centers

Answer 39

temporarily overpowers involuntary actions

Question 40

Central chemoreceptors

Answer 40

measures PCO2 in CSF

Question 41

PO2 receptors in aortic arch and carotid body

Answer 41

protects against disease and elevation

Question 42

Peripheral inputs

Answer 42

- plasma chemoreceptors (H+, K+, and PCO2) - stretch receptors in lungs - proprioceptors in muscles and joints - temp receptors

Question 43

Pulmonary ventilation is (invol/vol)

Answer 43

involuntary but can be temporarily voluntary by higher brain centers (hyperventilation)

Question 44

Plasma CO2 build up

Answer 44

biggest impact on ventilation (hypoventilation)

Question 45

Phases of ventilation (phase 1)

Answer 45

vent inc before and at onset -motor cortex activity and proprioceptors

Question 46

Phases of ventilation (phase 2)

Answer 46

exponential rise to steady state -motor cortex activity and proprioceptors and peripheral chemoreceptors

Question 47

Phases of ventilation (phase 3)

Answer 47

fine tuning during steady state -central and peripheral receptors

Question 48

Phases of ventilation (Recovery)

Answer 48

elimination of motor cortex and proprioceptors

Question 49

Respiratory muscle training

Answer 49

> 85% max, sympathetic stimulation of respiratory muscles max out -causes norepinephrine spillover, constricting blood flow to active muscles

Question 50

Training inspiratory and expiratory

Answer 50

- resistance, pressure loaded valves to inc work of respiration - endurance, hyperventilation

Question 51

Above steady state

Answer 51

disproportionate inc Ve relative to intensity

Question 52

Ventilatory equivalents

Answer 52

- volume of air needed to get 1L of O2 (Ve/VO2) or expire 1L of CO2 (Ve/VCO2)

Question 53

dec Ve/VO2 and Ve/VOC2 does what to ventilation

Answer 53

- deeper breaths - both stop at 50% of VO2 max

Question 54

Ve/VCO2 during exercise

Answer 54

- plasma CO2 levels impact Ve (plasma CO2 inc with intensity) - levels off before inc during exercise

Question 55

Ve/VCO2 inc when

Answer 55

acid exponential inc

Question 56

Ve/VO2 during exercise

Answer 56

- inc after short level of exercise and continue until max VO2 - intensity and VO2 inc linearly together - Ve only reacts with CO2 plasma levels

Question 57

Ventilatory threshold

Answer 57

point when Ve/VO2 inc with no change in Ve/VCO2 - RER of 1.0 - estimates LT

Question 58

Respiratory compensation point (RCP)

Answer 58

point when both Ve/VO2 and Ve/VCO2 inc - anaerobic - acidosis occurs exponentially (sharp inc in VCO2) - hyperventilation at vital capaity - estimates OBLA

Question 59

Training Zones

Answer 59

- VT and RCP are used to create 3 training zones

Question 60

Light intensity training zone

Answer 60

< (less then) VT

Question 61

Moderate intensity training zone

Answer 61

between your VT and RCP

Question 62

High intensity training zone

Answer 62

> (greater then) RCP

Question 63

Ventilation limits

Answer 63

Ve=tidal volume x frequency -tidal volume inc first then frequency -3-5% VO2 used below VT -8-10% used at high intensity

Question 64

Bigger Ve max help what

Answer 64

inc exposure of air to alveoli

Question 65

Efficient CV system transports O2 to what

Answer 65

muscles

Question 66

Efficient muscles use a lot of what

Answer 66

O2 -results in inc a-v O2 difference