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Anatomy and Physiology 2 > Cardiovascular System: Heart > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System: Heart Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the general functions of the cardiovascular system?

A

Made of the heart and blood vessels
transports blood throughout the body
provided adequate perfusion throughout the body

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2
Q

Define perfusion

A

Delivery of blood per unit time per gram of tissue. Typically expressed in milliliters per minute per gram

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3
Q

Differentiate between the left and right sides.

A

Right side: pumps to lungs Right atrium, right ventricle
Left side: pumps to body left atrium, left ventricle

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4
Q

Differentiate between the two types of chambers

A

Atrium: receiving chamber
ventricle: pumping chamber

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5
Q

Function of right atrium

A

receives deoxyegnated blood from the body

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6
Q

function of right ventricle

A

pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs

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7
Q

FUNCTION OF LEFT ATRIUM

A

receives oxygenated blood from the lungs

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8
Q

FUNCTION OF LEFT VENTRICLE

A

pumps oxygenated blood to the body

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9
Q

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE GREAT VESSELS

A

To transport blood to and from the heart

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10
Q

DEFINE GREAT VESSELS

A

The great vessels are the large veins and arteries that are directly attached to the heart

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11
Q

NAME THE GREAT VESSELS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS ON THE RIGHT SIDE

A

Superior and inferior vena cava: drain deoxygenated blood into the right atrium
Pulmonary trunk: receives deoxygenated blood pumped from the right ventricle.

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12
Q

NAME THE GREAT VESSELS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS ON THE LEFT SIDE

A

pulmonary veins: drain oxygenated blood into left atrium
aorta: receives oxygenated blood pumped from left ventricle.

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13
Q

What is the function of the valves?

A

ensure one way flow through the heart

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14
Q

ATRIOVENTRICULAR (AV) VALVES

A

Right atrioventricular (AV) valve: between right atrium and right ventricle (Tricuspid)
Left atrioventricular (AV) valve: between left atrium and left ventricle (bicuspid aka mitral)

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15
Q

Semilunar Valves

A

Pulmonary semilunar valve: right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
Aortic semilunar valve: between left ventricle and aorta

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16
Q

WHAT IS THE PULMONARY CIRCULATION PATHEWAY?

A

deoxygenated blood, right side of the heart, to the lungs and picks up the oxygen and releases carbon dioxide

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17
Q

WHAT IS THE SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION PATHWAY?

A

oxygenated blood, left side of the heart, systemic cells, exchanges gases, nutrients and wastes. systemic cells to the right side of the heart

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18
Q

DESCRIPTION OF LOCATION OF THE HEART WITHIN THE CHEST

A

Between the lungs in the middle of your chest, behind and slightly to the left of the sternum (breast bone)

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19
Q

WHAT ARE THE THREE LAYERS OF THE PERICARDIUM?

A

fibrous
parietal layer of serous
visceral layer of serous

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20
Q

DESCRIBE EACH LAYER INCLUDING WHAT TYPE OF TISSUE IT IS MADE OF AND WHERE IT IS LOCATED

A

fibrous pericardium: outermost: Dense irregular connective tissue
parietal layer: attaches to fibrous layer to form pericardial sac: simple squamous epithelium and areolar connect tissue
visceral layer: attaches to heart: simple squamous epithelium and areolar connective tissue.

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21
Q

WHAT CAVITY IS BETWEEN THE LAYERS AND WHAT IS IN THE CAVITY?

A

pericardial cavity between layers of serous pericardium and is separated by serous fluid

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22
Q

WHAT PARTS OF THE HEART CAN BE SEEN FROM AN ANTERIOR VIEW?

A

Right ventricle and right atrium: right atrium
parts of left ventricle and left atrium, vessels

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23
Q

What vessels are located anteriorly? Be specific

A

Pulmonary trunk: right and left pulmonary arteries
Ascending aorta, aortic arch, descending aorta

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24
Q

WHAT PARTS OF THE HEART CAN BE SEEN FROM A POSTERIOR VIEW?

A

left ventricle and left atrium, posterior interventricular sulus

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25
WHAT VESSELS ARE LOCATED POSTERIORLY? BE SPECIFIC
Pulmonary veins of left atrium superior and inferior vena cava pulmonary arteries coronary sinus in the coronary sulcus
26
DEFINE CORONARY SULCUS
separates atria from ventricles
27
DEFINE INTERVENTRICULAR SULCI AND LOCATION
SEPARATES LEFT AND RIGHT VENTRICLES ANTERIOR, POSTERIOR EXTEND FROM CORONARY SULCUS TOWARDS APEX
28
WHAT DO INTERVENTRICULAR AND CORONARY SULCUS HAVE IN COMMON?
contain coronary vessels
29
WHAT PARTS ARE THE HEART ARE THICKER?
ventricles are thicker than the atria Left ventricle is thicker than the right
30
WHICH VENTRICLE IS THICKER AND WHY?
left ventricle is thicker because it has to generate enough pressure to force the blood through the systemic circulation.
31
WHAT ARE THE THREE LAYERS OF THE HEART WALL IN ORDER?
EPICARDIUM:OUTERMOST MYOCARDIUM:MIDDLE ENDOCARDIUM:INTERNAL
32
WHAT ARE THE 4 CHAMBERS OF THE HEART AND HOW ARE THE CHAMBERS OF THE HEART SEPERATED?
Chambers: left/right atrium separated: interatrial septum chambers: left/right ventricles separated: interventricular septum
33
WHAT IS THE PECTINATE MUSCLE? LOCATED IN WHICH CHAMBER?
RIDGES ON ANTERIOR WALL AND WITHIN THE AURICLE: RIGHT ATRIUM
34
WHAT IS THE FOSSA OVALIS AND WHERE IS I LOCATED?
OVAL DEPRESSION ON INTERATRIAL SEPTUM LOCATED IN THE RIGHT ATRIUM
35
WHY DID THE FORAMEN OVALE EXIST IN THE FETAL HEART?
SHUNTED BLOOD FROM THE RIGHT ATRIUM TO THE LEFT ATRIUM, BYPASSING THE LUNGS DURING FETAL LIFE
36
HOW DOES BLOOD GO INTO THE RIGHT ATRIUM?
CORONARY SINUS SUPERIOR VENA CAVA INFERIOR VENA CAVA
37
WHAT DOES BLOOD GO AFTER THE RIGHT ATRIUM?
RIGHT VENTRICLE THROUGH AV VALVE
38
WHAT IS THE TRABECULAE CARNEAE?
IRREGULAR MUSCULAR RIDGES IN THE VENTRICLE WALL
39
WHAT ARE PAPILLARY MUSCLES?
CONE SHAPED PROJECTIONS EXTENDING FROM INTERNAL VENTRICLE WALL. HOLD CHORDAE TENDINEAE
40
WHAT ARE THE CHORDAE TENDINEAE?
THIN STRANDS OF COLLAGEN FIBERS ALSO KNOWN AS TENDINOUS CORDS
41
HOW MANY PAPILLARY MUSCLES ARE IN THE RIGHT VENTRICLE?
TWO TO NINE
42
WHERE DOES BLOOD GO AFTER THE RIGHT VENTRICLE?
THROUGH THE OPEN PULMONARY SEMILUNAR VALVE INTO THE PULMONARY TRUNK, WHICH THEN ENTERS THE PULMONARY ARTERIES
43
HOW DOES BLOOS GET INTO THE LEFT ATRIUM?
BLOOD ENTERS FROM PULMONARY VEINS
44
WHERE DOES BLOOD GO AFTER THE LEFT ATRIUM?
BLOOD EXITS TO LEFT VENTRICLE USING AV VALVE(TRICUSPID)
45
HOW MANY PAPILLARY MUSCLES IN THE LEFT VENTRICLE?
TWO
46
WHERE DOES BLOOD GO AFTER THE LEFT VENTRICLE?
AORTA THROUGH THE AORTIC SEMILUNAR VALVE
47
VALVE: WHAT IS THEIR FUNCTION
ENSURE ONE WAY BLOOD FLOW
48
WHAT ARE VALVES MADE OF?
ENDOTHELIUM LINED FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE FLAPS
49
WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE ATRIOVENTRICULAR VALVES?
PREVENT BLOOD FROM GOING BACK INTO ATRIA
50
WHAT ARE THE RIGHT AND LEFT VALVES ALSO CALLED?
RIGHT AV VALVE: TRICUSPID LEFT AV VALVE: BICUSPID
51
WHEN ARE THE VALVES CLOSED?
THE VALVES CLOSE WHEN VENTRICLES CONTRACT
52
WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE SEMILUNAR VALVES?
PREVENT BLOOD FROM GOIONG BACK INTO VENTRICLES
53
WHEN DO SEMILUNAR VALVES OPEN AND CLOSE?
OPEN: WHEN VENTRICLES CONTTACT CLOSE: WHEN VENTRICLES RELAX AND PRESSURE IN THE ARTERIAL TRUNK DECREASES
54
WHAT ARE THE SEMILUNAR VALVES CALLED?
PULMONARY AND AORTIC
55
DESCRIBE THE S1 HEART SOUND AND WHAT HAPPENS DURING THE SOUND
LUBB= AV VALVES CLOSING
56
DESCRIBE THE S2 HEART SOUND AND WHAT HAPPENS DURING THE SOUND
DUPP= SEMILUNAR VALVES CLOSING
57
WHAT IS THE HEART MURMUR?
WHEN BLOOD IS GETTING BACK THROUGH VALVES OR IF VALVES WONT FULLY OPEN
58
WHAT TYPE OF TISSUE IS MADE OF THE HEARTS SKELETON?
DENSE IRREGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE
59
DESCRIBES WHAT HAPPENS TO THE SKELETON WHEN THE ATRIA CONTACT AND WHEN THE VENTRICLES CONTRACT
ATRIAL CONCENTRATION MOVES WALLS INWARD AND VENTRICULAR CONCENTRATION IS A WRINGING MOTION
59
WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE HEARTS SKELETON?
ANCHORS VALVES PROVIDES STRUCTURAL SUPPORT FRAMEWORK FOR CARDIAC MUSCLE TO ATTACH TO
60
WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE VESSELS IN CORONARY CIRCULATION?
CORONARY ARTERIES DELIVER OXYGEN RICH BLOOD TO THE HEART WALLS CORONARY VEINS: TAKE OXYGEN POOR BLOOD AWAY FROM THE HEART WALL TOWARDS THE RIGHT ATRIUM OVERALL: supply blood to the heart
61
WHERE DO THE CORONARY VESSELS BRANCH OFF OF?
CORONARY ARTERIES BRANCH OFF THE ASCENDING AORTA
62
WHAT ARE THE RIGHT BRANCHES AND WHAT DOES EACH SUPPLY?
BRANCHES INTO THE RIGHT MARGINAL ARTERY TO SUPPLY THE LATERAL WALL OF THE RIGHT VENTRICLE AND POSTERIOR INTERVENTRICUAR ARTERY TO SUPPLY POSTERIOR WALL OF BOTH LEFT/RIGHT VENTRICLE.
63
WHAT ARE THE LEFT BRANCHES AND WHAT DOES EACH SUPPLY?
THE LEFT CORONARY ARTERY TYPICALLY BRANCHES INTO THE CIRCUMFLEX TO SUPPLY THE LATERAL WALL OF THE LEFT VENTRICLE AND THE ANTERIOR INTERVENTRICULAR ARTERY TO SUPPLY ANTERIOR WALL OF LEFT VENTRICLE AND MOST OF THE INTERVENTTRICULAR SEPTUM
64
WHAT IS AN ANASTOMOSIS AND WHY ARE THEY BENEFICIAL?
CONNECTION BETWEEN TWO STRUCTURES THEY ARE BENEFICAL BECAUSE IT CREATES A BACKUP PATHWAY FOR BLOOD FLOW IF SOMETHING BLOCKS A BLOOD VESSEL
65
WHAT VEIN DRAINS THE HEART? DEOXYGENATED OR OXYGENATED BLOOD?
CORONARY VEINS: DEOXYGENATED
66
DESCRIBE THE PHYSIOOLOGY OF A HEART ATTACK
PLAQUE BUILDUP IN CORONARY ARTERIES WILL REDUCE BLOOD FLOW AND CAN LEAD TO ANGINA OR MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.
67
DESCRIBE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF CARDIAC MUSCLE
SHORT,BRANCHED CELLS 1-2 CENTRAL NUCLEI MYOFILAMENTS ARE ARRANGED INTO SACROMERES STRIATED
68
DESCRIBE THE SARCOLEMMA AND ITS FUNCTION
FOLDED CONNECTIONS BETWEEN CELLS FUNCTION: TO CONDUCT ELECTRICAL SIGNALS
69
DESCRIBE INTERCALATED DISCS AND ITS FUNCTION
MECHANICALLY JOINT CELLS TOGETHER AND ALLOWS IONS TO FLOW THROUGH GAP JUNCTIONS: HEART CAN BE A FUNCTIONAL UNIT
70
HOW WILL HEART CELLS MAKE ATP?
OXIDATIVE PHOSPHOIRYLATION IN THE MITOCHONDRIA
71
GENERAL CHARCTERISTICS OF THE CONDUCTION SYSTEM OF THE HEART
-INITIATES AND CONDUCTS ELECTRICAL EVENTS -PROPRT TIMING OF CONTRACTIONS -CARDIAL MUSCLE CELLS HAVE ACTION POTIENTIALS BUT ---DO NOT CONTRACT -ANS
72
COMPONETS OF THE CONDUCTION SYSTEM
SINOATRIAL (SA) NODE- PACEMAKER ATRIOVENTRICULAR (AV)NODE ATRIOVENTRICULAR (AV)BUNDLE PURKINJE FIBERS
73
WHERE IS THE CARDIAC CENTER?
MEDULLA OBLONGATA
74
WHAT SEND SIGNALS INTO THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM?
BARORECEPTORS AND CHEMORECEPTORS ON THE SYMPATHETIC AND PARASYMPATHETIC PATHWAYS
75
WHAT DO THOSE SIGNALS LEAD TO MODIFICATION OF?
MODIFY CARDIAC ACTVITY RATE AND FORCE OF CONTRACTION
76
WHAT ARE THE EFFECTS OF THE PARASYMPATHETIC INFLUENCE?
DECREASES HEART RATE
77
WHAT PART OF THE CARDIAC CENTER CAUSES THIS?
CARDIOINHIBITORY CENTER
78
WHAT IS THE NERVE THAT IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE PARASYMPATHETIC INNERVATION?
VAGUS NERVE (CN X)
79
WHAT ARE THE EFFECTS OF THE SYMPATHETIC INFLUENCE?
INCREASES HEART RATE AND FORCE OF CONTRACTION
80
WHAT PART OF THE CARDIO CENTER CAUSES SYMPATHETIC INNERVATION?
CARDIOACCELERATORY CENTER
81
WHAT NERVES ARE ASSOCIATED WITH THE SYMPATHETIC INNERVATION?
USES NEURONS FROM T1-T5 OF SPINAL CORD
82
HOW IS THE HEART STIMULATED TO CONTRACT?
CONDUCTION SYSTEM INITIATE AND PROPAGATES AN ACTION POTIENTIAL
83
WHAT PART OF THE HEART CONTRACTS FIRST?
ATRIA FIRST THEN VENTRICLES
84
WHAT IS THE PACEMAKER POTIENTIAL?
REACH THRESHOLD WITHOUT STIMULUS
85
HOW IS THE HEARTBEAT INITIATED?
BY THE SA NODAL CELLS
86
WHAT IS THE ORDER OF STRUCTURES THAT THE ACTION POTIENTIAL PASSES THROUGH?
ATRIA-AV NODE- AV BUNDLE- PURKINJE FIBERS
87
HOW IS CARDIAC MUSCLE DIFFRENT FROM SKELETAL MUSCLE?
CARDIAC MUSCLE IS LONGER THAN SKELETAL MUSCLE
88
FEATURES OF AN EKG: P WAVE
P WAVE- ATRIAL DEPOLARIZATION ORIGINATING AT SA NODE
89
FEATURES OF AN EKG: QRS COMPLEX
VENTRICULAR DEPOLARIZATION
90
FEATURES OF AN EKG: T WAVE
VENTRICULAR REPOLARIZATION
91
FEATURES OF AN EKG:P-Q SEGMENT
ATRIAL CELLS PLATEAU WHILE ATRIA CONTRACT
92
FEATURES OF AN EKG:S-T SEGMENT
VENTRICLE CELLS PLATEAU WHILE VENTRICLES CONTRACT
93
FEATURES OF AN EKG:P-R INTERVAL
TIME BETWEEN ATRIAL DEPOLARIZATION AND VENTRICULAR DEPOLARIZATION
94
FEATURES OF AN EKG:Q-T INTERVAL
TIME OF VENTRICULAR ACTION POTIENTIALS LENGTH: DEPENDS ON HEART RATE
95
EXPLAIN THE DIFFRENCE BETWEEN SYSTOLE AND DIASTOLE
SYSTOLE: CONTRACTION DIASTOLE: RELAXATION
96
DEFINE CARDIAC CYCLE
SEQUENCE OF EVENTS FROM ONE HEARTBEAT TO THE NEXT
97
EXPLAIN HOW THE CARDIAC CYCLE RELATES TO VENTRICULAR PRESSURE
VENTRICULAR SYSTOLE: AV VALVES PUSHED CLOSED AND THE SEMILUNAR VALVES PUSHED OPEN, BLOOD EJECTED ARTERY VENTRICULAR DIASTOLE: VENTRICLE RELAXES- SEMILUNAR VALVES CLOSE BECAUSE NOTHING IS KEEPING THEM OPEN. AV VALVES OPEN BECAUSE NO PRESSURE IS PUSHING THEM CLOSED.
98
WHAT HAPPENS DURING ATRIAL CONTRACTION AND VENTRICULAR FILLING?
SA NODE STARTS ATRAL EXCITATION ATRIA CONTRACT AND PUSH REST OF BLOOD INTO VENTRICLES VENTRICLE FILL ( END DIASTOLIC VOLUME) ATRIA RELAX
99
WHAT HAPPENS DURING ISOVOLUMIC CONTRACTION?
PURKINJE FIBERS INITIATE VENTRICULAR EXCITATION VENTRICLES CONTRACT VENTRICULAR PRESSURE IS STILL LOWER THAN ARTERIAL TRUNK SO SEMILUNAR VALVES STAY CLOSED.
100
WHAT HAPPENS DURING VENTRICULAR EJECTION?
VENTRICLES CONTINUE TO CONTRACT AND PRESSURE RISES SEMILUNAR VALVES ARE FORCED OPEN, BLOOD ,MOVES TO ARTERIAL TRUNKS
101
STROKE VOLUME
AMOUNT OF BLOOD EJECTED BY VENTRICLE
102
WHAT HAPPENS DURING ISOVOLUMIC RELAXATION?
VENTRICLES RELAX AND EXPAND, PRESSURE LOWERS ARTERIAL PRESSURE IS GREATER SO SEMILUNAR VALVES CLOSE AV VALVES ARE STILL CLOSED BLOOD ISNT ENTERING OR LEAVING
103
WHAT HAPPENS DURING ATRIAL RELAXATION AND VENTRICULAR FILING?
ALL CHAMBERS ARE RELAXED AREIAL BLOOD PRESSURE FORCES AV VALVES OPEN BLOOD FLOWS INTO VENTRICLES SEMILUNAR VALVES REMAIN CLOSED BECASUE ARTERIAL PRESSURE IS GREATER THAN VENTRICLES
104
DEFINE CARDIAC OUTPUT AND CHARACTERISTICS
AMOUNT OF BLOOD PUMPED BY A SINGLE VENTRICLE IN ONE MINUTE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM DETERMINED BY HEART RATE AND STROKE VOLUME RESTING IN CO MUST MEET TISSUE NEEDS
105
WHAT IS THE CHRONOTROPIC AGENTS AND WHAT DOES IT DO?
CHANGED HEART RATE POSITIVE CHRONOTROPIC AGENTS- INCREASE HEART RATE NEGATIVE CHRONOTROPIC AGENTS- DECREASE HEART RATE
106
WHAT IS STROKE VOLUME INFLUENCED BY?
INFLUENCED BY VENOUS RETURN, INOTROPIC AGENTS, AMD AFTERLOAD
107
DEFINE VENOUS RETURN AND FUNCTION
VOLUME OF BLOOD RETURNED TO HEART FUNCTION: DETERMINES PRELOAD, MORE FORCEFUL CONTRACTION
108
DEFINE INOTROPIC AGENTS
CHANGE STROKE VOLUME BY CHANGING CALCIUM AVAILABLE FOR MUSCLE CONTRACTION
109
DEFINE AFTERLOAD
RESISTANCE IN ARTERIES PROPORTIONAL TO PRESSURE NEEDED TO EXCEED BEFORE BLOOD CAN BE EJECTED
110
DEFFERENCE BETWEEN BRADYCARDIA AND TACHYCARDIA
BRADYCARDIA: LOW RESTING HEART RATE IN ADULTS, BELOW 60 BEATS PER MINUTE TACHYCARDIA: HIGH RESTING HEART RATE IN ADULTS, OVER 100 BEATS PER MINUTE
111
WHEN DOES DEVELOPMENT BEGIN?
BEGINS IN THIRD WEEK
112
WHAT HAPPENS DURING THE EMBRYONIC AND FETAL PERIOD?
EMBRYONIC LUNGS NOT FUNCTIONAL SO BLOOD IS SHUNTED FROM THE RIGHT ATRIUM TO THE LEFT ATRIUM
113
BLOOD IS SHUNTED FROM THE RIGHT ATRIUM TO THE LEFT ATRIUM. WHAT IS THIS CALLED?
FORAMEN OVALE
114
IT OCCUPIES THE FORMER LOCATION OF THE FETAL FORAMEN OVALE
FOSSA OVALIS
115
ATRIAL SEPTAL DETECT
STILL OPENING BETWEEN LEFT AND RIGHT ATRIA, SO BLOOD IS SHUNTING THERE CAN CAUSE RIGHT SIDE OF HEART TO ENLARGE
116
VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECT
IF INTERVENTRICULAR SEPTUM NOT COMPLETELY FORMED
117
TETRALOGY OF FALLOT
VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECT NARROW PULMONARY TRUNK AORTA OVERLAPPING VENTRICLE ENLARGEMENT OF RIGHT VENTRICLE

Anatomy and Physiology 2 (8 decks)

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