CHAPTER 22: THE IMMUNE SYSTEM Flashcards by Marquita Perry

NAME FIVE INFECTIOUS AGENTS

BACTERIA
VIRUSES
FUNGI
PROTOZOANS
MULTICELLULAR PARASITES

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DEFINE BACTERIA. PROVIDE EXAMPLE

MOST ARE HARMLESS, SOME VIRULENT (CAN CAUSE SERIOUS ILLNESS)
EX: TETANUS, STREP THROAT

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DESCRIBE VIRUSES. PROVIDE EXAMPLE

HAVE DNA OR RNA IN A PROTEIN SHELL, SMALLER THAN CELLS, MUST GET INTO A CELL REPLICATE
EX: COMMON COLD, EBOLA, CHICKEN BOX (HERPES)

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DESCRIBE FUNGI. PROVIDE EXAMPLE

RELEASE PROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES AND CASUE SUPERFICIAL DISEASES OR CAN AFFECT MUCOSAL LININGS AND LEAD TO INTERNAL INFECTION
EX: RINGWORM, YEAST

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DESCRIBE PROTOZOANS
PROVIDE EXAMPLE

INTRACELLULAR OR EXTRACELLULAR
EX: MALARIA
TRICHOMONIASIS

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DESCRIBE MULTICELLULAR PARASITES
PROVIDE EXAMPLE

NONMICROSCOPIC, TAKE NORISHMENT FROM THEIR HOST
EX: TAPEWORM

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WHAT BLOOD CELL HAS IMMUNE FUNCTION?

LEUKOCYTES (WHITE BLOOD CELLS)

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TRUE OR FALSE: LEUKOCYTES ARE FORMED IN THE RED BONE MARROW

TRUE

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What are the two classes of leukocytes?

granulocytes, agranulocytes

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what cells fit into the granulocytes? choose all that apply
a.neutrophils
b.platelets
c.eosinophils
d. basophils

neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils

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what cells fit into agranulocytes?

monocytes, lymphocytes

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I become macrophages when i leave blood. what am i called?

monocytes

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list the three types of lymphocytes

B
T
NK cells

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immune cells are found in the body tissues not in the blood. choose all that apply that will best fit the area where they will be found:
skin and mucous membrane
connective tissue
organs
red blood cells
primary lymphoid structure
secondary lymphoid structure

skin and mucous membrane (dendritic cells)
connective tissue (mast cells)
organs
secondary lymphoid structure

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I am a small protein that regulates immune activity, short half life, released from one cell to bind to another cell. What am I ?

cytokines

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what structures will affect the cytokines?

signal cells(immune and non-immune)
control development of immune cells
regulate inflammatory response
destroy cells

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DEFINE INNATE IMMUNITY

PRESENT AT BIRTH
DOES NOT NEED EXPOSURE
NONSPECIFIC PROTECTION
RESPONDS IMMEDIATELY TO POTIENTAL HARM
EX; SKIN AND MUCOUS MEMBRANE BARRIERS-FEVER

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DEFINE ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

ACQUIRED
SPECIFIC RESPONSES TO ANTIGENS
CELLS RESPOND TO SPECIFIC FOREIGN SUBSTANCES
TAKES SEVERAL DAYS

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FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE

IS THE SKIN AND MUCOUS MEMBRANES
EX: PHYSICAL BARRIER
SWEAT, SEBUM, MUCUS, ANTIMICROBIALS

SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE

IS INTERNAL PROCESSES
EX; CELLS, CHEMICALS AND COMPLEMENT, INFLAMMATION AND FEVER

IS THE FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE INNATE OR ADAPTIVE?
PROVIDE EXAMPLE

INNATE; IT IS EXTERNAL; FEVER

IS THE SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE INNATE OR ADAPTIVE?
PROVIDE EXAMPLES

ADAPTIVE; INTERNAL;
CELLS
CHEMICALS AND COMPLEMENT
INFLAMMATION AND FEVER

CYTOKINES THAT INTERFERE WITH THE SPREAD OF INTRACELLULAR PATHOGENS.
-PREVENT INFECTION IN NEIGHBORING CELLS
-TRIGGER NK CELLS

INTERFERONS

SIGNS OF INFLAMMATION

REDNESS
HEAT
SWELLING
PAIN
LOSS OF FUNCTION

WHAT IS UNFLAMMATION A SIGN OF?

TISSUE DAMAGE

WHAT IS THE DIFFRENCE BETWEEN ACUTE AND CHRONIC INFLAMMATION?

ACUTE: SIGNS OF HEALING 8-10 DAYS CHRONIC: HAS NEGATIVE EFFECTS

T/F: INFLAMMATION IS A POSITIVE FEEDBACK

TRUE

Why should you let a low grade fever run its course but not let a high grade fever run its course?

A LOW FEVER WILL TURN BACK TO ITS NORMAL TEMP BUT A HIGH GRADE FEVER CAUSE HAVE HIGH RISKS SUCH AS SEIZURES

Explain what process leads to the development of a fever and the steps of feedback that exist to maintain the fever and then end the fever.

-pyrogens target hypothalamus which will release prostaglandin E2 -hypothalamus raises temperatures set point -fever starts, temp starts to rise -elevated temp is maintained -metabolic rate increases -temp returns to normal

What are the benefits of fever?

inhibits reproduction of bacteria and viruses, promotes interferon activity, increases adaptive immunity, accelerates tissue repair

what is elevated body temperature?

to release of pyrogens from immune cells

what is a immunoglobulins and what are their function?

proteins that are produced against a particular antigen function: tag pathogens that need to be destroyed by the immune system

name the five major classes of immunoglobulins

IgG IgM IgA IgD IgE

antibody actions: define neutralization is it good for bacteria or viruses?

antibody that covers the pathogen and makes it ineffective at establishing an infection -it is good for viruses

antibody actions: define agglutination is it good for viruses or bacteria?

antibody crosslinks foreign cells together and causes clumping -good for bacteria

antibody actions: define precipitation

antibody forms complex with the antibody and then precipitates out of the body fluids

Immunoglobulins: IgG

75-85% of the antibodies in the blood and other body fluids participates in all types of antibody actions crosses the placenta (small in size) found in colostrum -baby has some antibodies as mother for about the first 6 months of life

mostly found in blood largest responsible for rejection of mismatched transfusions first antibody to appear when exposed to a new antigen acute phase antibody

Immunoglobulins: IgM

exposed to the environment helps prevent pathogens from getting through epithelium protects respiratory and gi tract

Immunoglobulins: IgA

antigen specific B lymphocytes receptor recognizes when immature b lymphocytes are ready for activation usually associated with IgM binds and activates basophils and mast cells antimicrobial response in respiratory system

Immunoglobulins: IgD

formed in response to parasites and allergic reactions causes release of products from basophils and mast cells attracts eosinophils associated with defense against venom

Immunoglobulins: IgE

active immunity: what does this type of immunity develop?

direct encounter with pathogen

T/F- active immunity: there can be a natural exposure to the antigen or be artificial through a vaccine

true

what forms activate immunity?

memory cells against a specific antigen

passive immunity: what does this type of immunity develop?

when a person is given antibodies to a disease rather than producing them through his or her own immune system; natural transfer of antibodies from mother to baby( through placenta or milk)

passive immunity: What are some exposures that lead to this type of immunity?

-natural transfer of antibodies from mother to baby( through placenta or milk) -artificially using serum from one person to another ( antibodies to snake venom)