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Anatomy and Physiology 2 > Cardiovascular system: Vessels and Circulation > Flashcards

Cardiovascular system: Vessels and Circulation Flashcards

Vessels and Circulation

1
Q

DEFINE ARTERIES

A

TAKE BLOOD FROM HEART TO CAPILLARIES

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2
Q

DEFINE CAPILLARIES

A

MICROSCOPIC VESSELS, SUBSTANCES READILY EXCHANGE ACROSS THEM

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3
Q

DEFINE VEINS

A

TAKE BLOOD FROM CAPILLARIES TO THE HEART

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4
Q

WHAT IS THE LUMEN? AND WHAT SURROUNDS THEM?

A

INSIDE SPACE OF THE VESSEL THROUGH WHICH BLOOD FLOWS; TUNICS SURROUND THEM

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5
Q

WHAT ARE THE THREE LAYERS FOUND IN THE WALLS OF VESSELS?

A

TUNICA INTIMA- INNERMOST
TUNICA MEDIA- MIDDLE
TUNICA EXTERNA-OUTERMOST

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6
Q

WHAT TYPE OF TISSUE IS THE THREE VESSEL WALLS ARE MADE OF ?

A

TUNICA INTIMA: SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM AND AREOLAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE
TUNICA MEDIA: CIRCULAR LAYERS OF SMOOTH MUSCLE WITH ELASTIC FIBERS
TUNICA EXTERNA: AREOLAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE

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7
Q

WHAT TWO VESSEL WALLS HAVE SPECIAL CHARACTERISTICS AND WHAT ARE THEY?

A

TUNICA MEDIA-
CONTRACTION->VASOCONTRICTION
RELAXATION->VASODILATION
TUNICA EXTERNA- ANCHORS THE VESSELS TO OTHER STRUCTURES , VASA VASORUM

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8
Q

WHAT DOES IT MEAN THAT MOST VESSELS ARE COMPANION VESSELS?

A

THEY LIE NEXT TO EACHOTER; WILL HAVE A ARTERY AND A VEIN FOR THE SAME BODY REGION

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9
Q

THICKER THAN TUNICA MEDIA
THINNER LUMEN
MORE ELASTIC AND COLLAGEN FIBERS

A

ARTERIES

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10
Q

THICKER TUNICA EXTERNA
LARGER LUMEN
LESS ELASTIC AND COLLAGEN FIBERS

A

VEINS

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11
Q

CONTAIN ONLY TUNICA INTIMA
THIN WALL ALOW RAPID GAS AND NUTRIENT EXCHANGE

A

CAPILLARIES

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12
Q

AS _____ BRANCH AND GET FURTHER FROM THE HEART, HOW DO THEY CHANGE?

A

ARTERIES; DECREASE LUMEN DIAMETER, DECREASE ELASTIC FIBERS, INCREASE AMOUNT OF SMOOTH MUSCLE

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13
Q

WHAT ARE THE THREE TYPES OF ARTERIES FROM LARGEST TO SMALLEST?

A

ELASTIC, MUSCULAR, ARTERIOLES

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14
Q

LARGE, HAVE ALOT OF ELASTIC FIBERS, STRETCH AND RECOIL, CAN PROPEL BLOOD DURING DIASTOLE

A

ELASTIC ARTERIES

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15
Q

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF ELASTIC ARTERIES? PROVIDE 2 EXAMPLES

A

BRING BLOOD FROM THE HEART TO MUSCULAR ARTERIES
EXAMPLE: PULMONARY TRUNK, AORTA

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16
Q

MEDIUM, MUSCLE IN WALLS CAN VASOCONTRICT OR VASODILATE, BRANCH INTO ARTERIOLES

A

MUSCULAR ARTERIES

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17
Q

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF MUSCULAR ARTERIES? PROVIDE 2 EXAMPLES

A

TAKE FROM ELASTIC ARTERIES AND BRING IT TO SPECIFIC BODY REGIONS
EXAMPLES; CORONARY, INFERIOR MESENTERIC ARTERIES

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18
Q

T/F MUSCULAR ARTERIES HAVE TWO LAYERS OF ELASTIC TISSUE

A

TRUE

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19
Q

WHAT ARE THE TWO LAYERS OF ELASTIC TISSUE IN MUSCULAR ARTERIES AND WHERE ARE THEY LOCATED?

A

INTERNAL ELASTIC LAMINA: BETWEEN TUNICA INTIMA AND TUNICA MEDIA
EXTERNAL ELASTIC LAMINA: BETWEEN TUNICA MEDIA AND TUNICA EXTERNA

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20
Q

SMALLEST, THE LARGER ONES WILL HAVE THE THEREE TUNICS, THE SMALLER ONES ARE ONLY ONE LAYER OF SMOOTH MUSCLE WITH A THIN ENDOTHELIUM, SMOOTH MUSCLE IS CONTRICTED

A

ARTERIOLES

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21
Q

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF ARTERIOLES?

A

THEY CONTROL YOUR BLOOD PRESSURE AND BLOOD FLOW THROUGHOUT YOUR BODY, USING THIER MUSCLES TO CHANGE THIER DIAMETER

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22
Q

ATHEROSCLEROSIS

A

PROGRESSIVE DISEASE IN ELASTIC AND MUSCULAR ARTERIES. PLAQUE IS PRESENT AND THICKENS THE TUNICA INTIMA; NARROWS ARTERIAL LUMEN

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23
Q

WHAT ARE SOME CAUSES OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS?

A

INFECTION, TRAUMA, HYPERTENSION, HIGH CHOLESTEROL

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24
Q

WHAT IS AN ANEURYSM?

A

PART OF THE WALL OF THE ARTERIOLE THINS AND BALLOONS; MAKES WALL MORE PRONE TO RUPTURE AND BLEEDING LEADING TO DEATH

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25
Q

CHARACTERISTICS OF CAPILLARIES

A

SMALL, ERYTHROCYTES TRAVEL THROUGH THEM IN SINGLE FILE, CONNECT ARTERIOLES TO VENULES

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26
Q

What is the functional advantage of the structure of the walls of capillaries?

A

endothelial layer on a basement membrane, allows for better exchange

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27
Q

what are continuous capillaries and where do you find them?

A

most common type of capillary, endothelial cells are in a continuous lining around the lumen
locations: muscle, skin, thymus, lungs, brain, spinal cord

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28
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: LARGE PARTICLES CANNOT GET THROUGH CONTINUOUS CAPILLARIES

A

TRUE

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29
Q

WHAT ARE FENESTRATED CAPILLARIES AND WHERE DO YOU FIND THEM?

A

ENDOTHELIAL CELLS ARE CONTINUOUS BUT HAVE PORES IN THEM.
LOCATION: INTESTINES, KIDNEYS

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30
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: SMALLER PLASMA PROTEINS CAN GET THROUGH FENESTRATED CAPILLARIES

A

TRUE

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31
Q

WHAT ARE SINUSOIDS AND WHERE DO YOU FIND THEM?

A

ENDOTHELIAL CELLS ARE FORMING AN INCOMPLETE LINING LEAVING LARGE GAPS
LOCATION: BONE MARROW, SPLEEN, SOME ENDOCRINE GLANDS

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32
Q

TRUE/FALSE: LARGE SUBSTANCES CAN GET THROUGH SINUSOIDS LIKE FORMED ELEMENTS AND LARGE PROTEINS (BLOOD CELLS, PROTEIN)

A

TRUE

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33
Q

WHAT ARE CAPILLARY BEDS?

A

A GROUP OF CAPILLARIES THAT WORKS TOGETHER

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34
Q

WHAT DETERMINES IF BLOOD CAN ENTER A CAPILLARY BED?

A

SPHINCTERS

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35
Q

WHAT IS THE DIFFRENCES BETWEEN WHEN CAPILLARY BEDS ARE RELAXED AND CONTRACTED?

A

RELAXTION–> BLOOD CAN ENTER
CONTRACTION–> BLOOD DOES NOT ENTER, CONTINUES MOVING PAST

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36
Q

VENULES

A

SMALLEST VEINS, THEY COME BACK TOGETHER, OTHER SIDE OF CAPILLARIES

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37
Q

WHAT ARE THE VENULES COMPANION VESSELS?, WHAT DO THEY MERGE TO FORM?

A

ARTERIOLES; VEINS

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38
Q

VEINS

A

SMALL, MEDIUM SIZED AND LARGE, MOST HAVE MANY VALVES

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39
Q

WHAT ARE THE COMPANION VESSELS FOR SMALL, MEDIUM AND LARGE VEINS?

A

SMALL/MEDIUM: MUSCULAR ARTERY
LARGE: ELASTIC ARTERY

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40
Q

WHAT IS TE FUNCTION OF THE VALVES FOUND IN MOST VEINS?

A

PREVENT BLOOD FROM POOLING IN LIMBS
ENSURE BLOOD FLOWS TO THE HEART
MADE OF TUNICA INTIMA + ELASTIC AND COLLAGEN FIBERS
** ONLY IN VEINS NOT ARTERIES**

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41
Q

WHAT ARE SYSTEMIC VEINS?

A

BLOOD RESERVOIRS: AT REST THEY CONTAIN 55% OF BLOOD VOLUME

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42
Q

HOW DOES BLOOD MOVE OUT OF SYSTEMIC VEINS OR POOL BACK INTO SYSTEMIC VEINS?

A

WHEN VEINS CONTRICT, BLOOD MOVES INTO CIRCULATION WHEN BODY IS ACTIVE
WHEN VEINS DILATE, BLOOD POOLS BACK IN SYSTEMIC VEINS WHEN BODY IS RESTING

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43
Q

DESCRIBE SIMPLE PATHWAYS

A

ONE MAJOR ARTERY BRINGS BLOOD TO ANB ORGAN OR REGION: BRANCHES INTO ARTERIES AND THEN ARTERIOLES: ARTERIOLES FEED INTO CAPILLARY BED, VENULE DRAINS CAPILLARY BED, VENULES MERGE INTO MAJOR VEIN

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44
Q

EXAMPLES OF SIMPLE PATHWAYS

A

SPLENIC ARTERY->SPLEEN–>SPLENIC VEIN

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45
Q

WHAT IS AN ARTERIAL ANASTOMOSIS

A

TWO MORE MORE ARTERIES CONVERGE TO SUPPLY SAME REGION

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46
Q

WHAT IS VENOUS ANASTOMOSIS

A

MORE COMMON, TWO MORE MORE VEINS DRAIN THE SAME REGION

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47
Q

ARTERIOVENOUS

A

TRANSPORTS BLOOD DIRECTLY FROM ARTERY TO VEIN

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48
Q

DESCRIBE PORTAL SYSTEM AND THE FLOW THROUGH THE ASSOCIATED STRUTURES. PROVIDE EXAMPLE

A

TWO CAPILLARY BEDS IN SEQUENCE ;
ARTERY–>CAPILLARY BED–> PORTAL VEIN–> CAPILLARY BED–> VEIN
EXAMPLE: HYPOTHALAMO- HYPOPHYSEAL PORTAL SYSTEM

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49
Q

HOW DOES CROSS SECTIONAL AREA CONTRIBUTE TO BLOOD VESSEL VELOCITY?

A

AS THE TOTAL CROSS SECTIONAL AREA OF THE VESSELS INCREASES, THE VELOCITY OF FLOW DECREASES.

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50
Q

WHERE WILL BLOOD MOVE SLOWLY IN BLOOD FLOW VELOCITY AND WHY IS THIS BENEFICIAL?

A

BLOOD FLOW IS SLOWEST IN THE CAPILLARIES, ALLOWS TIME FOR EXCHANGE OF GASES AND NUTRIENTS

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51
Q

WHAT IS EXCHANGED IN CAPILLARY EXCHANGE? NAME THE THREE METHODS

A

CAPILLARIES EXCHANGE GAS, NUTRIENTS, WASTE, AND HORMONES BETWEEN BLOOD AND TISSUES
THREE METHODS: DIFFUSION, VESICULAR TRANSPORT, BULK FLOW

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52
Q

WHAT IS THE METHOD OF EXCHANGE FOR DIFFUSION?

A

SUBSTANCES ENTER OF LEAVE BLOOD BASED ON CONCENTRATION GRADIENT
- HIGH TO LOW.

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53
Q

DIFFUSION: WHAT CAN MOVE THIS WAY? HOW?

A

SMALL SOLUTES GO THROUGH ENDOTHELIAL CELLS OR INTERCELLULAR CLEFTS, LARGE SOLUTES USE FENESTRATIONS OR GAPS

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54
Q

VESICULAR TRANSPORT: WHAT CAN MOVE THIS WAY? HOW?

A

PINOCYTOSIS AND EXOCYTOSIS
ENDOTHELIAL CELLS FORM FLUID FILLED VESICLES AT THE PLASMA MEMBRANE, TRANSPORT ACROSS CELL, SECRETE AT THE OTHER SIDE OF CELL USING EXOCYTOSIS
EXAMPLE; FATTY ACIDS

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55
Q

**BULK FLOW: WHAT IS THE METHOD OF EXCHANGE?

A

FLUIDS MOVE DOWN A PRESSURE GRADIENT, MOVEMENT DEPENDS ON NET PRESSURE, HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE VERSUS COLLOID PRESSURE

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56
Q

**BULK FLOW: WHAT IS FILTRATION? WHERE DOES IT OCCUR?

A

MOVEMENT OF FLUID OUT OF BLOOD; OCCURS AT THE ARTERIAL END OF THE CAPILLARY

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57
Q

**BULK FLOW: WHAT CAN/CANNOT MOVE DURING FILTRATION ?

A

SMALL SOLUTES AND FLUID EASILY MOVE THROUGH CAPILLARY OPENINGS; LARGE SOLUTES CANNOT MOVE THROUGH

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58
Q

**BULK FLOW: WHAT IS REABSORPTION AND WHERE DOES IT OCCUR?

A

FLUID MOVES INTO BLOOD; OCCURS AT THE VENOUS END OF THE CAPILLARY

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59
Q

**WHAT DO YOU CALL FORCE EXERTED BY BLOOD?

A

HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE

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60
Q

**What is blood hydrostatic pressure? What does it promote?

A

forces exerted by blood on the vessel wall
promotes filtration from the capillary

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61
Q

**What is interstitial hydrostatic pressure?

A

force of the interstitial fluid outside the vessel
in most tissues that is close to

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62
Q

**what is colloid osmotic pressure?

A

the pull on water due to the present of proteins (proteins=colloid)

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63
Q

**What is blood colloid osmotic pressure? What does it promote?

A

draws fluid into the blood due to blood proteins
promotes reabsorption

64
Q

**What is interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure?

A

draws fluid into interstitial fluid

65
Q

How is net filtration pressure calcualted?

A

(hydrostatic pressure of blood- hydrostatic pressure of interstitial fluid)-(colloid osmotic pressure of blood-colloid osmotic pressure of interstitial fluid)

66
Q

net filtration pressure: where is it higher/lower? what does each favor?

A

NFP is higher on the arterial end of the capillary
(favors filtration)
NFP is lower on the venous end of the capillary
(favors reabsorption)

67
Q

what is the role of the lymphatic system?

A

-pumps things around the body, picks up excess fluids that was no reabsorbed at the venous end of the capillaries
-About 15% of the fluid that entered the capillary
- will get filtered and returned to venous circulation

68
Q

local blood flow: how is it measured and what does it depend on?

A

measured in mL in a minute
depends on:
tissue vascularity
myogenic response
local regulatory factors
total blood flow

69
Q

What is vascularization and what does it depend on?

A

extends of vessels within the tissue; tissues that are more metabolically active have high vascularity

70
Q

What is angiogenesis? Provide examples of tissues that will do this.

A

forms new vessels to increase perfusion potential
examples:
skeletal muscles will do this when aerobic training occurs
adipose tissue does this with weight gain
coronary vessels do this when they are being blocked

71
Q

What is regression? Provide examples of tissues that will do this.

A

when tissues return to previous state of blood vessels
examples:
skeletal muscle will do this after becoming sedentary
adipose tissue does this when weight is lost

72
Q

what is myogenic response?

A

smooth muscle in the wall of the vessel keeps local flow relatively constant

73
Q

Myogenic response: What happens if systemic blood pressure rises?

A

systemic blood pressure rises–> more blood into arteriole–> stretches it;
smooth muscle responds by contracting
local flow returns to normal levels

74
Q

myogenic response: What happens if systemic blood pressure drops?

A

systemic blood pressure drops–> less blood in arteriole–> less stretch
smooth muscle responds by relaxing
local flow returns to normal levels

75
Q

short term regulation: How do vasoactive chemicals affect local blood flow? Hint: vasodilators and vasoconstrictors

A

vasodilators dilate the arterioles and relax the sphincters
increases flow into capillary beds
vasoconstrictors constrict the arterioles and contract the sphincters
decreases flow into capillary beds

76
Q

Short term regulation: How does autoregulation affect local blood flow? Hint: negative feedback

A

tissue can control own local blood flow
tissue activity increases, prefusion is inadequate, signals are cent to dilate vessels
as perfusion increases, vessels constrict

77
Q

Short term regulation: How does reactive hyperemia affect local blood flow? provide example

A

blood flow increases after temporary disruption
ex: entering a warm room after being cold

78
Q

Short term regulation: How does reactive inflammation affect local blood flow? provide example

A

damaged tissues, leukocytes, and platelets release vasoactive chemicals
ex: histamine and bradykinin cause arterioles to dilate

79
Q

Short term regulation: How does tissue damage affect local blood flow? provide examples

A

can release vasoconstrictors to prevent blood loss through damaged vessels
ex: leukotrienes and thromboxanes

80
Q

Total blood flow: what is it? when does it equal ?

A

amount of blood through vasculature per unit time; equals cardiac output

81
Q

when does total blood flow increase?

A

increases within exercise; more blood becomes available to tissues

82
Q

total blood flow: what does regulation depend on?

A

regulation depends on heart and the vessels

83
Q

Blood pressure: what is it?

A

The force of blood against the wall of the vessel

84
Q

Blood pressure: what is the blood pressure gradient and what does it cause?

A

change in pressure from one end of the vessel to the other
-propels blood through the vessels
-higher in arteries and lower in veins

85
Q

ARTERIAL BLOOD PRESSURE: WHAT IS IT?

A

BLOOD FLOW THROUGH ARTERIES PULSES WITH CARDIAC CYCLE

86
Q

What is the systolic pressure?
what does it correspond with?
What is it in a blood pressure reading?

A
  • WHEN VENTRICLES CONTRACT
    -HIGHEST PRESSURE IN THE ARTERIES
    -UPPER NUMBER IN BLOOD PRESSURE RATIO
87
Q

What is the diastolic pressure?
what does it correspond with?
What is it in a blood pressure reading?

A

-WHEN VENTRICLES RELAX
-LOWEST PRESSURE IN THE ARTERIES
-LOWEST NUMBER OF BLOOD PRESSURE RATIO

88
Q

What is pulse pressure?
how is it measured?
What does it reflect?

A
  • PRESSURE IN ARTERIES ADDED BY HEART CONTRACTION
  • DIFFRENCE BETWEEN SYSTOLIC AND DIASTOLIC PRESSURE
    -REFLECTS ELASTICITY AND RECOIL OF VESSEL
89
Q

PULSE: WHAT VESSEL TYPE GIVES YOU A PULSE?

A

THROBBING ARTERIAL WALL

90
Q

PULSE: WHAT CAN CHANGE THE PULSE?

A

THE LACK OF FLOW

91
Q

PULSE: WHAT ARE PULSE POINTS?

A

WHEN YOU OMPRESS AN ARTERY AGAINST SOLID STRUCTURE ; WHEN YOU COMMONLY TAKE A PULSE

92
Q

MEAN ARTERIAL PRESSURE: WHAT IS IT?

A

-AVERAGE ARTERIAL BLOOD PRESSURE ACROSS THE ENTIRE CARDIAC CYCLE
-WEIGHTED MORE TO DIASTOLIC PRESSURE BECAUSE DIASTOLE LASTS LONGER THAN SYSTOLE

93
Q

MEAN ARTERIAL PRESSURE: HOW IS IT CALCULATED?

A

MAP= DIASTOLIC PRESSURE + 1/3 PULSE PRESSURE

94
Q

MEAN ARTERIAL PRESSURE: WHAT INFORMATION DOES IT GIVE?

A

-PROVIDES INDEX OF PERFUSION
IF ITS BELOW 60 THAT CAN MEAN INSUFFICIENT BLOOD FLOW

95
Q

DEFINE CAPILLARY BLOOD PRESSURE
HOW IS IT DIFFRENT FROM ARTERIAL?

A

FLOW AND PRESSURE ARE SMOOTH
NO FLUCTUATION BETWEEN SYSTOLIC AND DIASTOLIC

96
Q

CAPILLARY BLOOD PRESSURE: WHY IS IT IMPORTANT TO BE WITHIN A CERTAIN RANGE?

A

if it is to high it could damage the fragile capillaries

97
Q

DEFINE VENOUS BOOD PRESSURE; WHAT DOES IT DEPEND ON

A

VENOUS RETURN OF BLOOD TO THE HEART; DEPENDS ON PRESSURE GRADIENT, SKELETAL MUSCLE PUMP, AND RESPIRATORY PUMP

98
Q

VENOUS BLOOD PRESSURE: HOW IS IT DIFFRENT FROM ARTERIAL BLOOD PRESSURE?

A

LOW, NOT PULSATILE, SMALL PRESSURE GRADIENT

99
Q

SKELETAL MUSCLE PUMP: HOW DOES THIS HELP VENOUS PUMP?

A

-VEINS SQUEEZES AS MUSCLE CONTRACTS
-BLOOD GETS PUSHED, VALVES PREVENT BACKFLOW
- MOVES MORE QUICKLY WHEN EXERCISING

100
Q

SKELETAL MUSCLE PUMP: WHAT HAPPENS WITHOUT IT?

A

PROLONGED INACTIVITY WILL CAUSE BLOOD TO POOL IN LEGS

101
Q

RESPIRATORY PUMP: HOW DOES THIS HELP WITH VENOUS RETURN?

A

HELPS VENOUS RETURN IN THE THORAX

102
Q

RESPIRATORY PUMP: INSPIRATION VS. EXPIRATION

A

INSPIRATION: ABDOMINAL PRESSURE INCREASES AND THORACIC PRESSURE DECREASES;BLOOD IN ADBOMINAL VEINS–> THORACIC CAVITY
EXPIRATION: THORACIC PRESSURE INCREASES AS ABDOMINAL PRESSURE DECREASES ; BLOOD IN THORACIC–> HEART, BLOOD IN LOWER LIMBS–> ABDOMINAL VEINS

103
Q

RESPIRATORY PUMP: WHAT HAPPENS IF YOU INCREASE BREATHING RATE?

A

IF INCREASE BREATHING RATE, BLOOD MOVES MORE

104
Q

RESISTANCE: WHAT IS IT?

A

FRICTION THAT BLOOD ENCOUNTERS WHEN IT CONTACTS THE VESSEL WALL

105
Q

RESISTANCE: WHAT DOES IT OPPOSE?

A

THE FLOW OF BLOOD; PERIHERAL RESISTANCE

106
Q

RESISTANCE: DEFINE VISCOSITY?

A

RESISTANCE OF FLUID TO ITS FLOW

107
Q

RESISTANCE: HOW CAN VISCOSITY INCREASE/DECREASE?

A

GREATER THICKNESS=GREATER VISCOSITY=MORE RESISTANCE
MORE PARTICLES IN THE FLUID= MORE THICKNESS
LESS PARTICLES IN THE FLUID= LESS THICKNESS

108
Q

RESISTANCE: WHAT IS VESSEL LENGTH? HOW CAN YOU CHANGE IT?

A

LONGER VESSELS HAVE MORE RESISTANCE; CHANGES WITH WWEIGHT GAIN OR LOSS

109
Q

RESISTANCE: DEFINE VESSEL RADIUS; HOW ARE SMALL DIFFRENT FROM BIG?

A

SMALLER RADIUS HAS MORE RESISTANCE
LARGE DIAMETER= LESS RESISTANCE=INCREASED FLOW

110
Q

RELATION OF BLOOD FLOW TO RESISTANCE: HOW IS BLOOD CALCULATED?

A

BLOOD FLOW IS PROPORTIONAL TO THE PRESSURE GRADIENT DIVIDED BY RESISTANCE

111
Q

RELATION OF BLOOD FLOW TO RESISTANCE: HOW DOES PRESSURE GRADIENT AFFECT BLOOD FLOW?

A

AS THE PRESSURE GRADIENT INCREASES, BLOOD FLOW INCREASES
CARDIAC OUTPUT CAUSES THE PRESSURE GRADIENT TO INCREASE

112
Q

Keeping blood pressure in normal range: why is it important it falls within a range?

A

high enough to maintain perfusion
not high enough to damage vessels

113
Q

keeping blood pressure in normal range: what does it depend on?

A

depends on certain variables:
cardiac output
resistance
blood volume

114
Q

HOW ARE VARIABLES REGULATED KEEPING BLOOD PRESSURE IN NORMAL RANGE?

A

NERVOUS AND ENDOCRINE SYSTEM REGULATE THE VARIABLES

115
Q

DESCRIBE HOW THE AUTONOMIC REFLEXES REGULATE BP ON A SHORT TERM BASIS? (NEURAL REGULATION)

A

NUCLEI IN THE MEDULLA OBLONGATA
QUICKLY ADJUST CARDIAC OUTPUT AND OR/RESISTANCE

116
Q

WHEN IS NEURAL REGULATION USEFUL?

A

WHEN THEY HELP ADAPT TO MOMENTARY NEEDS LIKE STANDING UP

117
Q

CARDIAC CENTER: WHAT DOES IT INFLUENCE?

A

CARDIAC OUTPUT

118
Q

What are the two spots in the cardiac center and explain which pathways they use and what the effects are of each pathway.

A

CARDIOACCELERATORY CENTER: ORGIN OF SYMPATHETIC PATHWAY; INCREASES HEART RATE AND FORCE OF CONTRACTION;INCREASES CARDIAC OUTPUT AND BLOOD PRESSURE
CARDIOINHIBITORY CENTER: ORGIN OF PARASYMPATHETIC PATHWAYS; DECREASE HEART RATE AND SLOWS CONDUCTION OF ELECTRICAL SIGNALS; DECREASES CARDIAC OUTPUT AND BLOOD PRESSURE

119
Q

VASOMOTOR CENTER: WHAT DOES IT INFLUENCE?

A

INFLUENCES VESSEL DIAMETER TO INFLUENCE RESISTANCE

120
Q

VASOMOTOR CENTER: WHAT PATHWAY IS IT RELATED TO? HOW DOES IT WORK?

A

ORGIN OF SYMPATHETIC PATHWAYS
GO TO BLOOD VESSELS AND RELEASE NOREPINEPHRINE
CAUSES VESSEL CONSTRICTION IN MOST VESSELS
SOME VESSELS WILL DILATE

121
Q

VASOMOTOR CENTER: WHAT DOES IT LEAD TO?

A

INCREASED PERIPHERAL RESISTANCE
-MORE VESSELS ARE CONTRICTED
LARGER CIRCULATING BLOOD VOLUME
-VOLUME IN VEINS SHIFTS BLOOD FROM RESERVOIRS TO CIRCULATION
REDISTRIBUTION OF BLOOD FLOW
-MORE BLOOD TO SKELETAL MUSCLES AND HEART

122
Q

VASOMOTOR CENTER: HOW CAN YOU REVERSE IT?

A

IF INHIBIT SYMPATHETICS, REVERSE THESE CHANGES

123
Q

BARORECEPTORS: WHAT ARE THEY?

A

NEVER ENDINGS THAT RESPOND TO STRETCH OF THE VESSEL WALL

124
Q

Where are they located? Which nerve is used by each? And what is the affect of each?

A

LOCATED: AORTIC ARCH AND CAROTID SINUSES
AORTIC ARCH: VAGUS NERVE: CARDIOVASCULAR CENTER
- SYSTEMIC BLOOD PRESSURE REGULATION
CAROTID SINUS:GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL NERVE: CARDIOVASCULAR CENTER
-BLOOD PRESSURE OF THE HEAD AND NECK (VESSELS THAT GO TO THE BRAIN)
-MORE SENSITIVE

125
Q

AUTONOMIC REFLEXES:What causes these reflexes to activate and what are they good for?

A

BARORECEPTOR REFLEX
INTITIATED BY CHANGE IN BLOOD PRESSURE
GOOD FOR QUICK CHANGE, NOT LONG TERM

126
Q

AUTONOMIC REFLEXES: Explain what happens if blood pressure decreases.

A

-VESSEL STRETCH DECLINES,BARORECEPTOR FIRING DECREASES
-CARDIOACCELERATORY CENTER ACTIVIATED, STIMULATES SYMPATHETIC PATHWAYS TO INCREASE CARDIAC OUTPUT
-INHIBITS CARDIOINHIBITORY CENTER, MINIMIZES PARASYMPATHETIC ACTIVITY
-ACTIVATES VASOMOTOR CENTER, STIMULATE SYMPATHETIC PATHWAY TO INCREASE VASOCONSTRICTION
-INCREASES CARDIAC OUTPUT AND RESISTANCE, BLOOD PRESSURE RISES

127
Q

AUTONOMIC REFLEXES: Explain what happens if blood pressure INCREASES.

A

-vessels stretch and baroreceptors firing both increase
-cardio acceleratory center sends less signals
-cardioinhibitory center activates parasympathetic pathways to the heart
-vasomotor center sends less signals
-decreases cardiac output and resistance, blood pressure drops

128
Q

Chemoreceptor Reflexes:
Where are they located and what will trigger them?

A

located: peripheral chemoreceptors in aortic and carotid bodies
Triggered: negative feedback to return blood chemistry to normal

129
Q

chemoreceptor reflexes: how do they work?

A

high carbon dioxide, low pH, or very low oxygen will stimulate chemoreceptors and vasomotor center
-increases BP and shifts blood to lungs
-carbon dioxide is expired and pH rises

130
Q

Higher Brain Centers:
Describe the role of the hypothalamus in blood pressure.

A

can increase cardiac output and resistance
-can be due to increased body temp or fight or flight responses

131
Q

Higher Brain Centers:
Describe the role of the limbic system in blood pressure.

A

can alter blood pressure in response to emotion or memories

132
Q

Renin-Angiotensin System:
Where is angiotensinogen made?

A

liver makes inactive angiotensinogen, releases into blood

133
Q

Renin-Angiotensin System:
what is released by the kidneys and when? Role?

A

-kidneys release renin when there is low blood pressure or sympathetic nervous system activity
-renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1
enzyme found in lung capillaries

134
Q

Renin-Angiotensin System:
What is the role of angiotensin II in blood pressure regulation?

A

raises blood pressure
-powerful vasoconstrictor
-stimulates thirst center-fluid intake raises blood volume
-kidneys decrease urine formation- less fluid loss
-stimulates release of aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone

135
Q

Aldosterone:
Where is it released from and what is its role in blood pressure regulation?

A

released: adrenal cortex
maintains blood volume and pressure
increases absorption of sodium ions and water in the kidney
-decreases urine output

136
Q

Anti-diuretic Hormone:
What is it released from and what is its role in blood pressure regulation?

A

released: posterior pituitary
maintains or elevates blood pressure

137
Q

Anti-diuretic Hormone: what are the effects?!

A

increases water reabsorption at the kidney-less fluid lost
stimulates thirst center: increases blood volume
can cause vasoconstriction: increase resistance and pressure

138
Q

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide:
Where is it released from and when, and what is its role in blood pressure regulation?

A

released: by the atria when they are stretched by high blood volume
role: decreases blood pressure

139
Q

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide: what are the effects?!

A

effects: vasodilation: increases peripheral resistance
increases urine output-lowers blood volume

140
Q

what is hypertension?

A

chronically elevated blood pressure
systolic over 140mmHg
Diastolic over 90 mmHg
can damage blood vessel walls- atherosclerosis
can thicken arteriole walls- arteriolosclerosis
major cause of heart failure

141
Q

What is hypotension?

A

chronically decreased blood pressure
systolic under 90mmHg
diastolic under 60mmHg
symptoms: dizziness, fatigue and fainting

142
Q

What is orthostatic hypotension?

A

is when the drop in blood pressure is due to sudden standing
-regulation is not occurring quickly enough

143
Q

Blood Flow During Exercise
Total Blood Flow
What changes occur while exercising?

A

heart beats faster and stronger
blood is removed from venous reservoirs
blood is redistributed so more goes to active tissues

144
Q

Blood Flow During Exercise
Total Blood Flow
PROVIDE AT LEAST TWO EXAMPLES;

A

-flow to coronary vessels increases-heart wall gets more oxygen
-skeletal muscle blood flow increases
-flow to skin increase to dissipate heat
-less blood to abdomen and kidney

145
Q

Describe the entire pathway of pulmonary circulation.

A

right ventricle(deoxygenated blood)–> pulmonary trunk
-splits into left and right pulmonary arteries
-go to left and right lungs
-arteries divide into smaller arteries and arterioles
arterioles branch into pulmonary capillaries
-gas exchange occurs at air sacs
-capillaries merge into venules and then pulmonary veins
-two left and two right pulmonary veins carry blood (oxygenated) to left atrium

146
Q

How is pulmonary circulation different from systemic circulation?

A

less elastic
wider lumens
short because lungs are close to heart
lower blood pressure

147
Q

Systemic Arteries: Where do they originate?

A

brain off the aorta
-oxygenated blood out of the left ventricle
left and right coronary arteries
-arise from ascending aorta
-supply heart wall

148
Q

Systemic Arteries: what comes off the ascending aorta?

A

aortic arch

149
Q

Systemic Arteries: What comes off the aortic arch? Describe any additional branches off of these vessels.

A

Brachiocephalic trunk
-becomes right common carotid
-supplies ride side of neck and head
becomes right subclavian arteries
-supplies right upper limb and some thoracic structures
left common carotid artery
-supplies left side of head and neck
left subclavian artery
-supplies left upper limb and some thoracic structures

150
Q

Systemic Arteries: What comes off the descending aorta? Describe any additional branches off of these vessels.

A

-Branches off the descending thoracic aorta supplies thoracic wall and viscera
-splits at level L4
left and right common iliac arteries
each split into internal/external iliac

151
Q

what does the descending aorta passes through?

A

-passes through diaphragm–>becomes descending abdominal aorta

152
Q

what supplies the lower limb?

A

external iliac

153
Q

What three vessels return blood flow to the right atrium?

A

SUPERIOR VENA CAVA
INFERIOR VENA CAVA
CORONARY SINUS

154
Q

WHAT PARTS OF THE BODY SUPERIOR VENA CAVA IS BRINGING BLOOD FROM?

A

MERGER OF LEFT AND RIGHT BRACHIOCEPHALIC VEINS
PARTS: DRAINS HEAD, NECK, UPPER LIMBS, THORACIC AND ABDOMINAL WALLS

155
Q

WHAT PARTS OF THE BODY INFERIOR VENA CAVA IS BRINGING BLOOD FROM?

A

FORMED FROM VEINS BELOW DIAPHRAGM
PARTS: LOWER LIMBS, PELVIS, PERINEUM AND ABDOMINAL STRUCTURES

156
Q

WHAT PARTS OF THE BODY CORONARY SINUS IS BRINGING BLOOD FROM?

A

CARRIES DEOXYGENATED BLOOD FROM HEART

Anatomy and Physiology 2 (8 decks)

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