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A&P 2 > Cardiovascular system (Heart) > Flashcards

Cardiovascular system (Heart) Flashcards

(61 cards)

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1
Q

What are the two components of the cardiovascular

A

Heart and blood vessels

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2
Q

Functions of the cardiovascular system

A

-Transports blood throughout the body
-Allows exchanges between capillary blood and body cells

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3
Q

What is perfusion

A

delivery of blood
per time per gram of tissue
◦ mL/min/g

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4
Q

What are arteries

A

Oxygenated
carries blood away from the heart

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5
Q

Veins

A

Deoxygenated
Carries blood to the heart

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6
Q

Capillaries

A

exchange with systemic cells

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7
Q

What does it mean that the heart is two sided?

A

Each side of the heart has two chambers. The atrium which receives blood and the ventricles which pump the blood.

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8
Q

Left side of the heart

A

Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the body

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9
Q

Right side of the heart

A

Receives deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs

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10
Q

The Great Vessels

A

Large arteries and veins directly attached to the heart

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11
Q

Heart valves

A

Create valves to prevent back flow to ensure one way blood flow

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12
Q

Atrioventricular valve (AV)

A

Right and Left segments; between atria and ventricles

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13
Q

Semilunar Valve

A

Located between a ventricle and an arterial trunk
(i.e. pulmonary and semilunar)

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14
Q

2 Circulation routes:

A

Pulmonary circulation
Systemic circulation

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15
Q

Explain pulmonary circulation

A

◦ Carries deoxygenated blood from right side of heart to lungs
◦ At lungs, blood picks up oxygen and releases carbon dioxide
◦ Returns blood to left side of heart

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16
Q

Explain systemic circulation

A

◦ Moves oxygenated blood from left side of heart to systemic cells
◦ At systemic cells blood exchanges gases, nutrients, and wastes
◦ Returns blood to right side of heart

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17
Q

what is the basic pattern

A

right heart - lungs - left heart - systemic tissues - right heart

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18
Q

What is the heart enclosed in?

A

Pericardium

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19
Q

what cavity contains the heart?

A

Thoracic cavity

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20
Q

What is the base of the heart?

A

posterio-superior surface

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21
Q

What is the apex?

A

inferior, conical end

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22
Q

Characteristics of the pericardium

A

Three layered fibro-serous sac surrounding the heard
as well as the pericardial cavity

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23
Q

Fibrous pericardium

A

Outermost covering
anchors heart and prevents it from overflowing

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24
Q

Parietal layer of serous membrane

A

Middle layer
Attaches to fibrous membrane

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25
Visceral layer of serous membrane
Innermost later attached directly to the heart
26
pericardial cavity
space between serous membrane
27
Superficial features of the heart
-External grooves (called sulci) mark borders of the hearts chambers -Grooves contain coronary vessels supplying blood to heart wall
28
Coronary sulcus
separate atria from ventricles
29
intraventricular sulci
separate left from right ventricles -anterior and posterior sides
30
Anterior view of the heart
right atrium and ventricle appear prominent Right auricle prominent
31
Posterior view of the heart
◦ Left atrium and left ventricle prominent ◦ Left atrium forms base on posterior- superior surface ◦ Pulmonary veins attached to left atrium, superior and inferior vena cava ◦ Pulmonary arteries
32
What are the layers of Heart wall
-Epicardium (outermost) -myocardium (middle) -pericardium (innermost)
33
Interatrial septum
Separates left and right atrium like nose septum
34
Interventricular septum
separates left and right ventricle
35
Right atrium contains...
-Pectinate muscles -Fossa ovalis
36
Pectinate muscles
ridges on anterior wall and within auricle
37
Fossa ovalis
oval depression on interatrial septum
38
Entrances to the right atrium
1. Coronary sinus (carrying blood from heart wall) 2. Superior vena cava 3. Inferior vena cava Also exits through AV valve
39
Right ventricle contains:
Trabeculae carneae Papillary muscles Chordae tendineae (tendinous cords) Superior exit to pulmonary trunk through pulmonary semilunar valve
40
Trabeculae carneae
irregular muscular ridges inside ventricle wall
41
Papillary muscles
cone-shaped projections extending from internal ventricle wall
42
Chordae tendineae
heart strings; Thin strands of collagen fibers attaching to AV valve
43
Ligamentum arterosium
Dense CT anchoring pulmonary trunk to aortic arch
44
Atrioventricular valves prevent back flow to...
atria
45
Semilunar valves prevent backflow to...
ventricles
46
myocardium is composed of...
cardiac muscle tissue
47
Features of cardiac muscles
short strands striated 1 or 2 nuclei
48
metabolism of cardiac muscle
◦ High demand for energy ◦ Extensive blood supply ◦ Numerous mitochondria ◦ Able to use different types of fuel molecules ◦ Relies mostly on aerobic metabolism
49
Fibrous skeleton of the heart
Dense irregular connective tissue between the boundaries of atria and ventricles ◦ Framework for muscle attachment ◦ Electrical insulator ◦ Prevents ventricles from contracting at same time as atria
50
what is Coronary circulation
delivers blood to heart wall
51
what is the location of coronary arteries?
sit in coronary sulcus
52
Veins that drain cardiac muscle:
◦ Great cardiac vein ◦ Middle cardiac vein ◦ Small cardiac vein ultimately drained to coronary sulcus and returned to right atria
53
Sinoatrial node (SA)
initiates heartbeat (pacemaker)
54
Innervation of the heart
Cardiac center of the medulla ◦ Contains cardioacceleratory and cardioinhibitory centers ◦ Receives signals from baroreceptors (stretch) and chemoreceptors (chemical) in cardiovascular system ◦ Modifies heart activity – does not initiate it
55
Parasympathetic innervation
Starts at medulla’s cardioinhibitory center (CN X) ◦ Decreases heart rate
56
Sympathetic innervation
Starts at medulla’s cardioacceleratory center (cardiac plexus) ◦ Increases heart rate ◦ Increases force of contraction
57
Heart contraction involves two elements
cardiac cells and conduction system
58
conduction system
initiates and propagates an action potential from nodal cell
59
Cardiac muscle cells
fire action potentials and contract ◦ Signal moves from atria to ventricles
60
How is heartbeat initiated?
Nodal cells within the SA node ◦ Spontaneously depolarize and generate action potential ◦ These cells do not contract themselves
61

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