Immune system Flashcards

Question

Characteristic of innate immunity

Answer 1

◦ Prevents entry of potentially harmful substances ◦ Responds nonspecifically to protect body

Answer 2

Skin and mucosal membrane ◦ Skin releases antimicrobial substances ◦ Has normal nonpathogenic flora (microorganisms)

Answer 3

body openings ◦ Produce mucin and release antimicrobial substances ◦ Lined by harmless bacteria that suppress growth of more virulent types

Answer 4

coughing, sneezing, watery eyes, etc.

Answer 5

cellular defense

Answer 6

Neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells

Answer 7

destroy engulfed particles

Answer 8

destroy particles and then present fragments as antigens for destruction by t- lymphocytes

Answer 9

inflammation; Release chemicals that draw in fluid and attract immune cells

Answer 10

increases vasodilation and capillary permeability

Answer 11

acts as an anticoagulant

Answer 12

increases inflammation

Answer 13

destroy a variety of unwanted cells ◦ They kill by releasing cytotoxic chemicals

Answer 14

stabs a hole in the unwanted cell

Answer 15

enter hole and cause apoptosis

Answer 16

Attack multicellular parasites; Pattern recognition receptors on cell surface bind to patterns on microbe surface and releases cytotoxic chemicals

Answer 17

function against microbes by activating and recruiting multiple immune cells and causing inflammation

Answer 18

an immediate response to ward off unwanted substances ◦ Local, nonspecific response of vascularized tissue to injury

Answer 19

Injured tissue, basophils, mast cells, and infectious organisms release chemicals that initiate response

Answer 20

Released chemicals cause vascular changes ◦ Vasodilation, increased capillary permeability, increased CAMs ◦ Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) – site for leukocyte attachment

Answer 21

Recruitment of leukocytes ◦ Margination ◦ Diapedesis ◦ Chemotaxis

Answer 22

Delivery of plasma proteins to site ◦ Immunoglobulins, complement, clotting proteins, and kinins ◦ Kinins stimulate pain receptors

Answer 23

Fluid moves from blood to injured or infected area along with protein and immune cells -Vasodilation -Increased capillary permeability Extra fluid is taken up by lymphatic capillaries in the area (“washing”) ◦ Carries away debris and allows lymph node monitoring of its contents

Answer 24

redness swelling heat pain loss of function

Answer 25

Abnormal body temperature elevation ◦ 1°C or more from normal (37°C) ◦ Results from the release of pyrogens from immune cells or infectious agents ◦ Travel to hypothalamus which raises temperature set point

Answer 26

Onset: Temp begins to rise Stadium: Elevated temperature is maintained Defeverescence: time when temperature returns to normal

Answer 27

◦ Inhibits reproduction of bacteria and viruses ◦ Promotes cytokine release activity ◦ Increases activity of adaptive immunity ◦ Accelerates tissue repair ◦ Increases CAMs on endothelium of capillaries in lymph nodes ◦ Additional immune cells migrating out of blood ◦ Recommended to leave a low fever untreated

Answer 28

specific lymphocyte responses to an antigen ◦ Contact with antigen causes lymphocyte proliferation ◦ Longer response time then innate immunity ◦ Takes days to develop

Answer 29

◦ Cell-mediated immunity involving T-lymphocytes ◦ Humoral immunity involving B-lymphocytes, plasma cells, and antibodies

Answer 30

substance on cell surface that binds a lymphocyte or antibody

Answer 31

differ from human body’s molecules ◦ Bind body’s immune components

Answer 32

are body’s own molecules ◦ Typically do not bind immune components

Answer 33

◦ Specific site on antigen recognized by immune system ◦ Each has a different shape ◦ Pathogenic organisms can have multiple

Answer 34

antigen that induces an immune response

Answer 35

foreign molecules that induce immune response when attached to a carrier molecule in host ◦ Too small to be an immunogen alone ◦ E.g., toxin in poison ivy

Answer 36

Receptor complexes; About 100,000 per cell, specific for one antigen

Answer 37

◦ B-lymphocytes make direct contact with antigen ◦ T-lymphocytes have antigen presented by another (your body) cell cytoxic T-cell Helper T-cell

Answer 38

destroy invaders

Answer 39

recruit other immune cells

Answer 40

1. Formation and maturation of lymphocytes 2. Activation of lymphocytes 3. Effector response: action of lymphocytes to eliminate antigen

Answer 41

describes a pathway that does not result in antibody production but instead utilizes T-lymphocytes and targets endogenous antigens ◦ Helper-T-cells identify these cells ◦ Cytotoxic-T-cells which can destroy the virus-infected cell by apoptosis

Answer 42

describes the pathway by which antibodies are produced by B-lymphocytes to target exogenous (foreign) antigens

Answer 43

helper-T cells or by binding to a foreign antigen ◦ Begin production of antibodies ◦ These antibodies can bind to cells with the foreign antigen

Answer 44

adherence of leukocytes to CAMs

Answer 45

cells escape blood vessel walls

Answer 46

leukocytes migrate toward chemicals released from damaged cells