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Endocrine System (unit 1) Flashcards

1
Q

Ligand

A

Chemical messenger

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2
Q

Communication of the nervous system

A

A nerve signal causes neurotransmitter release from a neuron into the synaptic cleft

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3
Q

other features of the nervous system

A

targets other neurons, muscle and gland cells
response time is rapid
localized effects
short duration

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4
Q

Communication of the endocrine system

A

secretes hormone into the blood, hormones transported are then distributed throughout to target cells

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5
Q

other features of the endocrine system

A

targets any cell with a receptor
relatively slow reaction time
widespread effects
long lasting

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6
Q

general functions of endocrine system

A
  1. regulation of growth metabolism and development
  2. maintaining homeostasis of blood composition and volume
  3. controlling digestive processes
  4. controlling reproductive processes
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7
Q

Hormonal stimulation

A

releasing a hormone in response to another hormone

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8
Q

Humoral stimulation

A

release of a hormone in response to changes in level of nutrient or ion in the blood

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9
Q

Nervous system stimulation

A

release of a hormone based on nervous stimulation

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10
Q

steroids

A

lipid soluble
formed from cholesterol
ex. estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, cortisol, aldosterone

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11
Q

biogenic amine

A

water soluble
ex. norepinephrine, epinephrine, TH

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12
Q

Proteins

A

water soluble
amino acid chains
ex: antidiuretic hormone, insulin,glucagon

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13
Q

Lipid soluble hormones

A

use carrier proteins
-dont dissolve in blood easily
-carriers are water soluble protein produced by liver
-binding is temporary
-must be unbound to bind with target

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14
Q

Water soluble hormones

A

travel freely in blood

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15
Q

Hormone synthesis

A

is done by the gland

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16
Q

Hormone elimination

A

-carried out by enzymatic degradation in the liver
-removal from blood by kidneys excretion or target cell uptake

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17
Q

Half-life

A

time necessary to reduce a hormone’s concentration to half of its original level
-water soluble hormones have shorter half lives
-steroid hormones generally have a longer half life

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18
Q

Responses to water soluable hormone pathway

A
  1. Enzymes activated or inhibited
  2. Growth is stimulated (cell division)
  3. Cellular secretions may be released
  4. Membrane permeability may be changed
  5. Muscles can be contracted or released
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19
Q

Intracellular enzyme cascade

A

signal is amplified at each step
there are many places to regulate pathway activities

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20
Q

Signaling pathways

A

Cells possess mechanisms to quickly
inactivate intermediate

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21
Q

A cell’s response to a hormone varies with

A

-Its number of receptors for the hormone
-Its simultaneous response to other hormones

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22
Q

Up regulation

A

increases cell’s receptors
- makes cell MORE sensitive

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23
Q

Down regulation

A

Decreases cell receptors
- makes cell LESS sensitive

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24
Q

Synergistic interactions

A

One hormone reinforces activity
of another hormone

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25
Permissive interactions
One hormone requires activity of another hormone
26
Antagonistic interactions
One hormone opposes activity of another hormone
27
Pituitary gland
Inferior to hypothalamus connected via infindibulum anterior and posterior lobes
28
Posterior pituitary
Smaller part of pituitary gland, directly connected to hypothalamus -Cell bodies found in the paraventricular nucleus (oxytocin) and supraoptic nucleus (ADH) -Axon extends through the infundibulum via the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract -Terminals in the pars nervosa of the posterior pituitary
29
Anterior pituitary
Larger part of pituitary -Partitioned into three areas: -Pars distalis, pars tuberalis, pars intermedia -Hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system of blood vessels
30
posterior pituitary hormones
Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone are synthesized in the neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus and shipped to the posterior pituitary for storage and release
31
Oxytocin
uterine contraction, milk ejection, emotional bonding
32
Antidiuretic hormone
decrease urine production, stimulate thirst, constrict blood vessels
33
Regulatory hormone
secreted by hypothalamus travel to the anterior pituitary can be 1. releasing hormones increases anterior pituitary's release of hormone 2. inhibiting hormones decreases anterior pituitary's release of hormone
34
Anterior pituitary hormones
Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) Prolactin releasing hormone (PRH) Gonadatropin releasing hormone (GnRH) Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) Growth Hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) Prolactin Inhibiting hormone (PIH) Growth hormone Inhibiting hormone (GHIH)
35
Hepatocytes
Liver cells that release IGF (insulin like growth factor) increase glucogenisis and lysis, increases blood glucose when targeted by GH
36
Thyroid
Largest endocrine organ left and right lobes connected by isthmus
37
Follicular cells
-Produce and release Thyroid hormone (TH) -TH is synthesized in follicular cells from a combination of iodine and thyroglobulin -TH is stored in the follicular cells until release is stimulated by TSH
38
Thyroid hormone
TH increases metabolic rate and body temperature
39
Parafollicular cells
Cells around follicular cells that make calcitonin
40
calcitonin
Hormone that decreases blood calcium levels
41
Hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis
◦ Cold temperature, pregnancy, high altitude, hypoglycemia, or low TH cause hypothalamus to release TRH (thyrotropin releasing hormone) ◦ TRH causes anterior pituitary to release TSH which travels to the thyroid and causes a release of TH from follicular cells
42
Net effects of TH
-Increased protein synthesis (especially in neuronal tissue), rise in temperature, increased glucose uptake, increased metabolic rate, increased oxygen demand to facilitate aerobic cellular respiration. -Negative feedback of TH decreases TRH release
43
Adrenal medulla
inside ◦ Red-brown color due to extensive blood vessels ◦ Releases epinephrine and norepinephrine with sympathetic stimulation
44
Adrenal cortex (outside)
◦ Synthesizes and releases corticosteroids ◦ Yellow color due to lipids within cells ◦ Three zones: ◦ Zona glomerulosa ◦ Zona fasiculata ◦ Zona reticularis
45
Hormones of the Adrenal cortex
corticosteroids
46
Corticosteroids
Mineralocorticoids Gonadocorticoids Glucocorticoids
47
Mineralocorticoids
hormones that regulate electrolyte levels ◦ Aldosterone regulates Na+ and K+ retention in body
48
Gonadocorticoids
sex hormones ◦ Androgens are male sex hormones  converted to estrogen in females ◦ Amount of androgen produced by adrenals is less than amount from testes
49
Glucocorticoids
hormones that regulate blood sugar ◦ Cortisol increases nutrient levels in the blood
50
cortisol release
CRH stimulates anterior pituitary to release ACTH ◦ ACTH stimulates adrenal cortex to release cortisol and corticosterone
51
Cortisol
Resists stress and helps to repair tissue
52
Net effects of cortisol
increase of all nutrient levels in the blood ◦ Liver cells increase glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis; decrease glycogenesis ◦ Adipose cells increase lipolysis and decrease lipogenesis ◦ Many body cells break down proteins to amino acids ◦ Liver cells use the amino acids for gluconeogenesis ◦ Most cells decrease their glucose uptake, sparing it for brain
53
Pancreas
Contains alpha, beta and delta cells help maintain blood glucose
54
Alpha cells
release glucagon
55
Beta cells
release insulin
56
delta
secrete somatostatin (inhibits insulin and glucagon release)
57
Insulin
lowers blood glucose
58
Glucagon
raises blood glucose
59
How does insulin lower blood glucose
◦ Hepatocytes remove glucose from blood; store it as glycogen ◦ Glycogenesis stimulated; glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis inhibited ◦ Adipose cells store fat ◦ Lipogenesis stimulated and lipolysis inhibited ◦ Most body cells increase nutrient uptake in response to insulin
60
How Glucagon Raises Blood Glucose
◦ Alpha cells detect drop in blood glucose and release glucagon ◦ Glucagon acts through 2nd messengers causing body cells to release stored nutrients into blood ◦ Hepatocytes release glucose ◦ Glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis stimulated; glycogenesis inhibited ◦ Adipose cells release fatty acids and glycerol ◦ Lipolysis stimulated, while lipogenesis inhibited
61
Pineal gland
a small unpaired body in the epithalamus of the diencephalon -Pineal secretes melatonin at night ◦ Causes drowsiness, regulates circadian rhythm
62
Parathyroid glands
are small structures on the back of the thyroid gland contain chief cells
63
chief cells
make PTH
64
PTH
Increases blood calcium
65
calcitonin
decreases blood calcium
66
Thymus cells
secrete thymosin ◦ Helps with maturation of white blood cells
67
Kidney secretes
erythropoietin (EPO) ◦ EPO causes increased red blood cell production
68
Stomach secretes
gastrin ◦ Gastrin increases secretion and motility in stomach for digestion
69
Skin produce
Vitamin D3 ◦ Converted to calcitriol (synergistic to PTH)
70
Liver secretions
angiotensinogen ◦ Helps raise blood pressure when it starts to fall
71
Small intestine secretes
secretin and cholecystokinin (CCK)
72
Secretin
stimulates secretion of bile and pancreatic juice
73
CCK
CCK stimulates release of bile from gall bladder
74
Adipose connective tissue secretes
leptin
75
leptin
controls appetite
76
Heart produces
atrial natriuretic peptide
77
atrial natriuretic peptide
decreases BP
78
Ovaries secrete
Estrogen & progesteron + Inhibin
79
Testes secrete
Testosterone and Inhibit

A&P 2 (26 decks)

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