Lymph

Question 1

What are the functions of the lymphatic system

Answer 1

◦ Transport and house lymphocytes and
other immune cells
◦ Return excess fluid in body tissues to
blood to maintain blood volume

Question 2

What are the components of the lymphatic system

Answer 2

1. Lymph vessels
2. Lymph tissues/organs
3. Lymph fluid

Question 3

How Is lymph fluid created?

Answer 3

Fluid that leaves the capillaries and is not reabsorbed are moved to the lymph capillaries

Question 4

What is lymph (fluid) made of?

Answer 4

◦ Water, dissolved solutes, and small amount of protein
◦ Sometimes cell debris, pathogens, or cancer cells

Question 5

Characteristics of lymph capillaries?

Answer 5

interspersed around most blood capillaries. Slightly larger than blood capillaries. Walls are composed of overlapping endothelial cells.

Question 6

What are flaps?

Answer 6

Functionally identical to valves, allow lymph fluid to enter but not exit.

Question 7

What are anchoring filaments?

Answer 7

attach capillary to neighboring structures.

Question 8

What is a lacteal?

Answer 8

lymphatic capillaries in GI tract

Question 9

How is lymph moved in to the lymph capillaries

Answer 9

Hydrostatic pressure,
Pressure of lymph inside increases, forcing flaps to close

Question 10

What is the path of lymph?

Answer 10

Capillaries, vessels, trunks, ducts
cars, vans, trucks, dump trucks.
ultimately moved back in to circulation

Question 11

Lymph vessels are fed by…

Answer 11

Lymph capillaries

Question 12

Characteristics of lymph vessels

Answer 12

1. Located adjacent to arteries and veins
2. Have all three vessel tunics (intima, media, externa)
3. Have valves to prevent pooling and backflow

Question 13

Lymph system has no pump so it uses…

Answer 13

◦ Skeletal muscles and respiratory pumps
◦ Pulsatile movement of blood in nearby arteries
◦ Rhythmic contraction of smooth muscle in larger lymph vessel walls

Question 14

Jugular trunks

Answer 14

head and neck

Question 15

Subclavian trunks

Answer 15

upper limbs, breasts, and superficial thoracic wall

Question 16

Bronchomediastinal trunks

Answer 16

deep thoracic structures

Question 17

Intestinal trunks

Answer 17

most abdominal structures

Question 18

Lumbar trunks

Answer 18

lower limbs, abdominopelvic wall, and pelvic organs
Lymphatic Vessels, Trunks, and Ducts

Question 19

Lymphatic ducts are fed by

Answer 19

lymphatic trunks

Question 20

Right lymphatic duct

Answer 20

located by right clavicle
Drains upper right quadrant of body
Delivers lymph to junction of right subclavian and right internal jugular veins

Question 21

Thoracic duct

Answer 21

largest lymphatic vessel
◦ Saclike cisterna chyli at its base
◦ Receives lipid-rich chyle from GI tract Lymphatic Vessels, Trunks, and Ducts
◦ Drains lymph from everything but upper right quadrant
◦ Delivers lymph to junction of left subclavian and left internal jugular veins

Question 22

Primary lymphatic structures

Answer 22

◦ Involved in formation and maturation of lymphocytes
◦ Red bone marrow and thymus

Question 23

Secondary lymphatic structures

Answer 23

◦ Sites of immune response initiation
◦ Do not form lymphocytes, but house them and other immune cells
◦ Include lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, and lymphatic nodules, MALT

Question 24

Thymus

Answer 24

T-lymphocyte maturation
Two lobes
Trabeculae divide lobes in to lobules
Lobules contain a cortex (outer region) – contains immature T-lymphocytes and a medulla (inner region) – contains mature T lymphocytes

Question 25

Organization of the secondary lymph structures

Answer 25

Organized into lymphatic organs and aggregates of lymphatic nodules ◦ Organs have a complete capsule (spleen, lymph node) Other lymphatic structures have an incomplete capsule or lack one (Tonsils, MALT, diffuse lymphatic nodules)

Question 26

Lymph nodes

Answer 26

filter lymph, remove unwanted substances Occur in clusters receiving lymph from body regions ◦

Question 27

Components of the lymph node

Answer 27

Afferent vessels Efferent vessels hilum Trabeculae outer cortex inner medulla

Question 28

shape of lymph node

Answer 28

Small, oval, encapsulated structures

Question 29

Lymph nodes are located

Answer 29

along deep and superficial pathways of lymph vessels

Question 30

Cervical lymph nodes

Answer 30

lymph from head, neck

Question 31

Axillary lymph nodes

Answer 31

lymph from breast, axilla, and upper limb

Question 32

Inguinal lymph nodes

Answer 32

lymph from lower limb and pelvis

Question 33

Afferent vessels

Answer 33

Bring lymph to node

Question 34

Efferent vessels

Answer 34

drain lymph from node Efferent vessels are located at the hilum

Question 35

Lymph node cortex contains

Answer 35

lymphatic nodules

Question 36

center of lymph nodule

Answer 36

germinal center

Question 37

Germinal center

Answer 37

Houses developing B-lymphocytes and macrophages ◦ Surrounding mantle zone contains T-lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells

Question 38

tiny open channels lined by macrophages where lymph flows

Answer 38

Cortical sinuses

Question 39

Lymph node’s medulla contains

Answer 39

medullary cords

Question 40

medullary cords

Answer 40

connective tissue fibers that support B-lymphocytes, T-lymphocytes, and macrophages

Question 41

Medullary sinuses

Answer 41

are tiny open channels lined with macrophages ◦ Lymph from cortical sinuses flows here

Question 42

How does lymph flow through the nodes?

Answer 42

Lymph enters from multiple afferent vessels, creating pressure to push it through the node. Lymph Is then monitored for presence of foreign material. Macrophages remove debris. Lymphocytes may intiate immune response.

Question 43

Proliferating lymphocytes cause

Answer 43

swelling of the node

Question 44

Lymph exits node through

Answer 44

one efferent vessel

Question 45

Spleen

Answer 45

◦ In left upper abdominal quadrant ◦ Posterolateral aspect is convex and rounded ◦ Anteromedial border is concave -spleenic artery supplies and splenic vein drains

Question 46

Hilum of spleen

Answer 46

indentation where blood vessels and nerves enter

Question 47

White pulp

Answer 47

Clusters of T- and B-lymphocytes and macrophages around central artery

Question 48

Red pulp

Answer 48

◦ Contains erythrocytes, platelets, macrophages, and B-lymphocytes ◦ Permeable capillaries ◦ Storage of 30% of the body’s platelets

Question 49

What does the spleen do?

Answer 49

Monitoring blood as it flows through the spleen ◦ The spleen filters and monitors blood (not lymph) ◦ White pulp monitors it for foreign materials and bacteria ◦ Phagocytizes bacteria and cell debris ◦ Macrophages in sinusoids of red pulp remove particles ◦ Phagocytizes bacteria, debris, defective erythrocytes and platelets

Question 50

Path of flow of spleen

Answer 50

splenic artery > central artery (white pulp) > venules (red pulp) > splenic vein

Question 51

Tonsils

Answer 51

◦ Secondary lymphatic structures ◦ Immune surveillance of inhaled and ingested substances 3 types

Question 52

Tonsillar crypts

Answer 52

◦ Invaginations that trap materia

Question 53

Pharyngeal tonsil

Answer 53

◦ In nasopharynx ◦ Called adenoids when enlarged

Question 54

Palatine tonsils

Answer 54

In posterolateral oral cavity

Question 55

Lingual tonsils

Answer 55

Along posterior one-third of tongue

Question 56

What does MALT stand for

Answer 56

Mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue

Question 57

what does malt do?

Answer 57

◦ Located in GI, respiratory, genital, and urinary tracts ◦ Help defend against foreign substances ◦ Prominent in small intestines