Cardiovascular System Histology Flashcards
(165 cards)
1
Q
major componenets of the Cardiovascular system
A
Heart
Blood vessels
Blood
2
Q
Major function of the Cardiovascular system
A
Transportaions of Nutrients and oxygen, waste products, hormones
3
Q
what does the left side of the heart bump
A
For the systemic circuit
4
Q
what part of the heart receives oxygenated blood
A
LEft atrium
5
Q
what does the right side of the heart pump
A
pump for the pulmonary circuit
6
Q
what does the right atrium recieve
A
Deoxygenated blood
7
Q
how much does the atrium fill the ventricles
A
30%, with gravity doing the rest
8
Q
what is contained in the heart wall
A
Cardiac muscle tissue Fibrous skeleton Conducting system Coronary vasculature Serous membrane Endothelial cells with underlying connective tissues
9
Q
what makes up the Fibrous skeleton on the heart
A
Fibrous rings (4) Fibrous Trigones (2) Membranous portion of the interventricular and interatrial septa
10
Q
what do the Fibrous rings of the heart curround
A
The valve orifices
11
Q
what connects the Fibrous rings of the heart
A
Fibrous Trigone
12
Q
Roll of the Fibrous skeleton on the heart
A
Something for muscles to attach to, and electrical insulator
13
Q
Roll of the Fibrous rings of the heart
A
Attach to the leaflets of the valves
14
Q
what is in the interventricular and interatrial septa
A
No muscle, only connective tissue
15
Q
what is between the Atria and the ventricals
A
the fibrous skeleton
16
Q
3 layers of the heart wall
A
Epicardium-outer
Myocardium-middle
Endocardium-inner
17
Q
What is the other name for the Epicardium
A
Visceral layer of serous pericardium
18
Q
what makes up the myocardium
A
Made of mainly cardiac muscle
Fibrous skeleton of the heart
19
Q
Components of the endocardium
A
Endothelial cells-inner
Subendothelial layer- middle
Subendocardial layer- deepest
20
Q
what is found in the subendothelial layer
A
Contains connective tissue and smooth muscle cells
21
Q
what is found in the subendocardial layer
A
Connective tissue layer containing the intrinsic conduction system
22
Q
Parts of the PEricardium
A
Fibrous pericardium - outer
Parietal layer of serous pericardium - middle
Pericardial cavity
Visceral layer of serous pericardium- part of heart wall
23
Q
THickest layer of the heart wall
A
Myocardium
24
Q
what fibers are contained within the subendocardial layer
A
Perkinji fibers
25
the 4 valves associated with the hear
Tricuspid valve
Bicuspid or mitral valve
Aortic semilunar valve
Pulmonary semilunar value
26
what are teh atrioventricular valves
Tricuspid valve
| Bicuspid or mitral valve
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what are the semilunar valves
Aortic semilunar valve
| Pulmonary semilunar valve
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what do the Atrioventricular valves do
Prevent backflow into the atria
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what do the Semilunar valves do
PRevent backflow into the ventricles
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what enforces one way blood flow through the heart
Heart valves
31
why do heart valves open or close
REsponse to pressure changes
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valves that protect the entrnaces of the venae cavae, coronary sinus, and pulmonary veins
No valves
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What are the heart valves made of
Connective tissue with overlying endocardium
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3 layers of the heart valves
Spongiosa
Fibrosa
Ventricularis
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what makes up the Spongiosa of the heart valves
Loose connective tissue covered in endothelim made of loosely arranged collagen and elastic fibers infiltrated with proteoglycans
36
where is spongiosa located
On the atrial or blood vessel side of the valve
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roll of the Spongiosa
Shock absorber
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where is the Fibrosa of the heart valve
the core of the valve
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what does the Fibrosa contain
Fibrous extensions from the dense irregular connective tissue of the skeltal rings of the heart
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what is the Ventricularis of the heart valve
Dense connective tissue with layers of elastic fibers covered in endothelium
41
where is the Ventricularis of the heart valve
Adjacent to the ventricular side of the valve
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what is found on the surface of heart valves
Endothelial cells
43
can the heart depolarize and contract without impulses from the nervous system
YES!
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the ability of the heart to depolarize and contract without impulses from the nervous system
Intrinsic cardiac conduction system
45
what is the intrinsic conduction system composed of to send electonics to contract
1% noncontracile cardiac cells (cardiac conducting cells/autorhythmic cells)- self excitable
46
what does it mean to say that noncontractile cardiac cells are self excitable
can generate an action potential without nervous system input
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Types of Cardiac conducting cells
Nodal cardiac Cells
| Purkinje fibers
48
what are Cardiac conducting cells organized into
Nodes and highly specialized conducting fibers/tracts
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what are the cardiac conducting cells responsible for
the initiation and distribution of impulses throughout the heart
50
what sets the rate of the intrinsic cardiac muscle contracts
by the pacemaker cells
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what alters the rate of the intrinsic cardiac muscle contractions
Sympathetic (accelerates the heartbeat)
Parasympathetic (decelerates the heartbeat)
also hormones for the intrinsic rate
52
what is the excitation sequence that takes place in collections of autorhthmic cardiac cells
```
Sinoatrial node
Atrioventricular Node
Atrioventricular bundle/bundle of His
Right and Left Bundle Branches
Purkinje Fibers
```
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what is the pacemaker of the herat
Sinoatrial node
54
Roll of the Sinoatrial Node
Determines heart rate through its sinus rhythm
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how do impulses from the Sinoatrial node travel to the atrioventricular node
Via the internodal pathway or tracts
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what happens to impulses at the atrioventricular node
Delayed for .1sec to allow for the atria to contract
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what is the only electrical connection between the atria and the ventricles
Atrioventicular bundle/bundle of His
58
What does the Atrioventicular bundle/bundle of His travese across
Across the fibrous skeleton
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what are the branches of the atrioventricular bundle
Right and left bundle branches
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where doe the Right and left bundle branches course towards
To the apex of the heart through the interventricular septum
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where do the Purkinje fibers travel
Finish path in interventricular septum, around apex of heart, and head back towards atria
62
where is the SA node
in the roof of the right atrium
63
where are nodal cardiac muscle cells found
in the SA and AV nodes
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what are Nodal cardiac muscle cells derived from
Modified cardiac muscle cells
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size of Nodal Cardiac muscle cells
Smaller than surroudning atrial contractile cardiac cells
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what do nodal cardiac muscle cells lack to separate them from normal cardiac muscle
Fewer myofibrils
| lack intercalated disks
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where are Purkinje fibers
in the av bundle
Bundle brnaches
Subendothelial branches
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what are Purkinje fibers
Modified cardiac muscle
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Size of Purkinje fibers
Larger than surrounding ventricular contractile cardiac cells
70
what is found at the periphery of purkinje fiber cells
Myofibrils
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what do Purkinje fiber Nuclei look like
Round and larger than nuclei of regular cardiac fibers
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what is found inbetween Purkinje fibers
Associated intercalated disks
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what kind of staining do Purkinje fibers respond to due to the large amount of glycogen in them
PAS staining
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how do Purkinje fibers look with H and E stain
Glycogen rich center of cell appears homogenous and stains pale
75
Layers of the Ventricular wall of the heart starting with blood side
```
endocardial layer:
Endothelial cells
Subendothelial layer( connective tissue + smooth muscle cells)
Subendocardial layer( connective tissue)
Myocardium:
```
76
Size of cells in the Subendocardial layer
Very large
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Description of Endocardial cells
Large with central round nucleii
Pale/nonstaining due to glycogen
Perifery may have myocardiacdial cells
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Size of nodal cells compared to contractile cells
Much smaller
79
size of cells in the heart
Purkinji fibers the largest
myocardium contractile cells
Nodal cells
80
The tree major types of blood vessels
Artiers
Capillaries
Veins
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what is the smallest artery
Arteriole
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what is the smallest blood vessel
Capillaries
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Main roll of capillaries
Exchange of materials between blood and body tissue
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Smallest vein
VEnule
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where is the pressure lowest in the circulatory system
The largest veins (decreases as blood goes toward the heart
86
where is the pressure the highest in the circulatory system
Right after the heart
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3 layers of blood vessel
Tunical Interna
Tunica MEdia
Tunica Externa
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parts of the tunica interna
```
Endothelium
Basal Lamina
Subendothelial layer
(also internal elastic membrane in some artiers and aterioles)
```
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What has an internal elastic membrane
some arteries and artieroles
90
what does the Tunica media contain
Rings of smooth muscle cells
Sheets/lamellae/laminae of elastin
(external elastic membrane for ateries)
91
what is the roll of the smooth muscle of the Tunica Meida
VAsocontstriction and vasodilation
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what is found in the Tunica Externa/adventitia in large vessel
Vasa vasorum and nervi vascularis
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what is the endothelium of Blood vessels
Simple ssquamous cells
94
what is the subendothelial layer of the blood vessels
Loose connective tissue
95
largest layer in the artieries
Tunica media
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largest layer in the veins
TUnica Externa
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what is the direction of epithelial cells in the blood vessels
Along the direction of blood flow
98
How do blood vessels and arteries look in cross section
Arteries more oprn
Veins more collapsed
Lumen of vein is much larger
99
4 types of arteries
Elastic/conducting arteries (large arteries)
Muscular/distributing arteries (medium arteries)
Small arteries
arterioles
100
the largest diameter arteries
Elastic/conducting arteries (10mm)
101
what is found in the walls of elastic/conducting arteries
LArge amount of elastic fibers
102
why would elastic/conducting arteries have a lot of elastic fibers in them
expand and recoil
103
what is the roll of elastic/conducting arteries
Propel blood onward while ventricles relax (pressure reserve)
104
size of muscular distributing arteries
2-10mm (meidum)
105
what is found in the walls of muscular distributing arteries
lots of smooth muscle
106
Roll of muscular/distributing arteries
regualte the blood flow to specific regions
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roll of muscles of muscular/distributing arteris
in a cicular origin to contract or release
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size of small arteirs
.1-2mm
109
what makes up the tunica media of small arteries
8 layers of smooth muscle at most
110
size of arterioles
10 micrometeres to 100.
111
what is found in the unica media of arterioles
1-2 layers of smooth muscle
112
what is found on the tunica intima of elastic/conducting artiers
inconspicuous internal elastic membrane
113
what separates the smooth muscle of the tunica media of elastic/conducting arteries
Elastic lamellae
114
what may be found in the tunica adventitia of elastic/conducting arteires
Vasa vasorum/nervi vascularis
115
thickness of tunica intima of muscular/distributing artiers
Thinner than muscular/distruiting artiers
116
what is found in the tunica intima of Muscular/distruting artiers
Prominent internal elastic membrane
117
what is found in the tunica media of muscular/distributing artiers
Smooth muscles with limitedelastic material
| prominent external elastic membrane
118
Thickness of Tunica adventitia of muscular distributing arteries
Relatively thiccc
119
what is found in the tunica adventitia of muscular/distributing arteries
possibly Vasa vasorum or nervi vascularis
120
what is found in the tunica intima of small arteries
Internal elastic membrane (typically)
121
size of tunica adventitia of Small artiers
Thin and ill defined
122
what may be missing from the arterioles tunica intima
May be missing the internal elastic membrane
123
size of tuniva adventitia of arterioles
Thin, ill defined
124
what makes up the wal of capillaries
Thin wall
125
What are the 3 types of capillaries based on morphology
Continuous capillaries
Fenestrated capillaries
Discontinuous cappilaries (AKA sinusoidal capillaries)
126
size of capillaries
4-10 micrometers (RBC is 7.5microns)
127
where are continuous capillaries found
Muscles
Lungs
CNS
128
what is the endothelium of Continous cappilaries
Uninterrupted endothelial with tight/occluding junction
129
how does stuff move across continuous cappilaries
Must be selected for
130
what cells are associated with Continous cappilaries
Pinocytotic vessels
| Asociated perictes
131
Roll of Pinocytotic Vessels for Cotinuous capillaries
Go in and help transport
132
where are the pericytes of continuous capillaries
In the basal lamina
133
what are pericytes
Undeveloped cells to form more endothelial cells or smooth cells
134
ROll of pericytes
Aid in growth some contractiong controlled by NO
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why have fenestrated capillaries
help stuff more
136
Where are fenestrated capillaries found
ENdo glands
| Sites of fluid and metabolite absorption
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what also is associated with Fenestrated capillaries
Pinocytotic vessels
138
where are discontinuous capillaries foudn
in the liver/spleen/bone marrow
139
Size and shape of discontinous capillaries
LArge diameter and irregular shape with large fenestration
140
The flow of blood from an arteriole through a capillary network to a postcapillary venule
Microcirculation
141
what forms the functional unit of a microcirculatory bed
Arteriole, capillary network, and post capillary venule
142
types of Capillary vessels
True capillaries
| Ateriovenous anastomes/shunts
143
roll of the ateriovenous anastomes/shunts
By pass a capillary bed
144
what happens if more precapillary sphincters relax
The more blood will pass through the true capillaries in the capillary bed
145
What happens if omre precapillary sphincters contract
the more blood will plass through the arteriovenous anastomoses and bypass the true capillaries
146
what is found at the enterence of true cappilaries in the cappilary bed
Precapillary sphincters
147
types of VEnules
Postcapillary Venule
| Muscular venule
148
what makes up the postcapillary venule
Endothelial cell with basal lamina and pericytes
149
what layers does the post capillary venule lack
No tunica media and no adventitia
150
what is found in the Muscular Venule that the postcapillary venule
A tunica media with 1-2 layers of smooth muscle
| Thin Tunica adventita
151
what does the muscular venule lack that the post capillary venule has
Pericytes
152
sieze of small veins
.1-1 mm
153
size of Medium veins
1-10mm
154
size of large veins
greater than 10mm
155
what makes up the tunica intima of medium veins
Endothelium and basal lamina
Thin subendothelial layer with an occasional smooth muscle cell
also possibly a thin internal elastic emebrane
156
what makes up the tunica media of medium veins
Several layers of smooth muscle (generally circular) with interspersedd collagen and elastic fibers
157
size of the tunica adventitia of medium veins
Thicker than the intima and media
158
what makes up the tunica adventitia
Collagen and networks of elastic fibers
159
what is found in the tunica intima of large veins
Endothelium and basal lamina
| Thin subendothelial alyers with some smooth muscle
160
size of tunica media of large veins
Relatively thin
161
what is found in the tunica media of large veins
Circular smooth muscle
162
size of tunica adventitia of large veins
THicker than intima and media
163
what is found in the tunica adventia of large veins
Collagen and elastic fibers with occasion smooth muscle
164
what veins have valves
Those in limbs
165
what makes up the valve of a vein
Tunica intima(endothelial cells on a thin layer of connective tissue
