cards

Question 1

fluid bolus amount in child/ young person

Answer 1

10ml/kg over less than 10min

Question 2

most likely causative agent of a bacterial pneumonia in children

Answer 2

s. pneumoniae

Question 3

lobar pneumonia - causative organism

Answer 3

bacterial

Question 4

Diffuse bilateral pneumonia- causative organism

Answer 4

viral

Question 5

tx of mycoplasma pneuomonia in children

Answer 5

Azithromycin/ clarithromycin/doxycyline

Question 6

likely cause of early onset neonatal pneumonia

Answer 6

from maternal perneal flora- group b strep, e coli

Question 7

Pathogens likely to cause pneumonia after neonatal period

Answer 7

respiratory viruses (eg adenovirus, coronavirus, human metapneumovirus [hMPV], influenza virus, parainfluenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus [RSV]), which make up to 70% of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in children
Streptococcus pneumoniae, one of the most common bacterial pathogens in children 1 month or older
Mycoplasma pneumoniae, one of the most common bacterial pathogens in children 1 month or older (however, antibiotic therapy is often not required).

Question 8

pathogens likely to cause pneumonia- neonates and cildren <2mo

Answer 8

Haemophilus influenzae, which can cause late-onset pneumonia (occurring more than 72 hours after birth)
Staphylococcus aureus, an important cause of complicated CAP in children of all ages (but an uncommon cause of CAP in neonates). Parapneumonic effusion, empyema and lung abscess are complications of staphylococcal pneumonia in children – seek expert advice for management.

Question 9

mng of earl onset CAP in term neonates

Answer 9

benzylpenicillin +gentamicin/tobramycin

Question 10

MCC of CAP in children >2mo

Answer 10

Viruses
If bacterial, strep pneumonia is the mc bacterial cause

Question 11

mng of late onset CAP in term neonates and CAP in children younger than 2mo

Answer 11

Amoxicillin/ampicillin + gentamicin/ tobramcyin

Question 12

Tx bacterial CAP in children

Answer 12

Amoxicillin

Question 13

Why are NSAIDS not recommended in chicken pox

Answer 13

Increased risk of necrotising fascitis

Question 14

Suspected asthma in children < 5- mng

Answer 14

8 to 12 week trial of twice-daily paediatric low-dose ICS as maintenance therapy + SABA as required

Question 15

Features suggestive of hypernatraemic dehydration:

Answer 15

jittery movements
increased muscle tone
hyperreflexia
convulsions
drowsiness or coma

Question 16

features suggestive of hyponatremia

Answer 16

SALT LOSS
Stupor
Anorexia (+ N&V)
Limp tone
Tendon reflexes reduced
Lethargy
Orthostatic hypotension
Seizures
Stomach cramps

Question 17

cause of roseola infanatum

Answer 17

herpes virus 6

Question 18

Kleinfelter syndrome

Answer 18

Occurs in males- presence of extra X chromosome
47XXY
Clin F: small testes, gynecomastia, delayed puberty and elongated limbs

Question 19

Kleinfelter dx

Answer 19

Klinefelter syndrome is usually diagnosed at four stages of life, which are as follows:

In the prenatal period by amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling, when KS is usually an incidental finding.
During teenage years with a developmental delay and/or learning difficulties.
In young adult men with incomplete virilisation after puberty.
In men of reproductive age presenting with azoospermia (absent sperm).

Question 20

Karyotype for Turner’s syndrome

Answer 20

45XO

Question 21

Clin F measles

Answer 21

Fever, coryza, conjunctivites, cough
Maculopapular rash across the body
Koplik spots
CX- diarrhea and resp distress

+/- unvaccinated

Question 22

Clin f mumps

Answer 22

fever
ha
myalgia
parotid gland swelling

Question 23

Clin F von Willebrand disease

Answer 23

Recurrent epistaxis, easy brusing
FH
Prolonged bleeding time and aPTT
Normal PT and normal platelet count

Question 24

When would a pelvic osteotomy be considered

Answer 24

developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) that was likely present from birth but not adequately addressed.
for isolated acetabular dysplasia with a stable hip in older children, as it addresses the lack of femoral head coverage.

Question 25

When would a hip spica cast be considered

Answer 25

A hip spica cast is typically used following closed or open reduction in younger infants (6-18 months) with DDH.

Question 26

When would a Dennis- browne brace and pavlik harness be considered

Answer 26

for infants diagnosed with DDH in the first six months of life

Question 27

when woudl open reduction be considered for DDH

Answer 27

when closed reduction fails or in older infants.