Flashcards in Care of Patients with Vascular Problems Deck (59)
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1
Arteriosclerosis:
thickening, hardening of the arterial wall that is often associated with aging
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Atherosclerosis:
type of arteriosclerosis, involves the formation of plaque w/in the arterial wall and is the leading risk factor for cardiovascular disease
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Palpate each carotid artery separately to
prevent blocking blood flow to the brain
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What indicates hypertriglyceridemia?
level of 160 mg/dL or above in men
Women should have level below 135
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Recommendations for nutrition: Arteriosclerosis
Intakes of veggies, fruits, whole grains
Consume low-fat dairy products, poultry, fish, legumes, nontropical vegetable oils, and nuts
Limit intake of sweets, sugar-sweetened beverages, and red meats
5% to 6% of calories from saturated fat
Reduce trans fat
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Physical activity Arteriosclerosis
3-4 X a week
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Drug therapy: Arteriosclerosis
3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors = reduce cholesterol
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Complementary therapies: Arteriosclerosis
Nicotine acid or niacin
B vitamin
lower LDL-C
very low density lipoprotein (VLDL)
Increase HDL-C levels
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4 control systems play a major role in maintaining BP:
Arterial baroreceptor system
Regulation of body fluid volume
The renin angiotensin aldosterone system
Vascular autoregulation
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Found primarily in the carotid sinus, aorta, and wall of the left ventricle
arterial baroreceptors
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Changes in fluid volume also affects the
systemic arterial pressure
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Keeps perfusion in the body relatively constant, appears to be important in causing hypertension
Vascular autoregulation
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the most common type of hypertension and is not caused by existing health problem
Essential (primary)
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Primary hypertension results in
damage to vital organs by causing medial hyperplasia of the arterioles
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Secondary hypertension=
specific disease states and drugs can increase person's susceptibility to this
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a severe type of elevated BP that rapidly progresses
Malignant hypertension
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symptoms of malignant hypertension =
morning headaches, blurred vision, and dyspnea and/or symptoms of uremia (accumulation in the blood of substances ordinarily eliminated in the urine)
Diastolic pressure is greater than 150 mm Hg or greater than 130
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Etiology and genetic risk =
Kidney disease: renal artery stenosis (RAS)
Primary aldosteronism
Pheochromocytomas
Cushing's syndrome
Drugs
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Adrenal mediated hypertension is due to
primary excesses of aldosterone
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Primary aldosteronism, excessive aldosterone causes
hypertension and hypokalemia
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Pheochromocytomas:
tumors that originate most commonly in the adrenal medulla and result in excessive secretion of catecholamines
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Cushing's syndrome:
excessive glucocorticoids are excreted from the adrenal cortex
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Drugs that cause secondary hypertension
estrogen
glucocorticoids
mineralocorticoids
sympathomimetics
cyclosporine
erythropoietin
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Manifestation of hypertension:
headaches
facial flushing
dizziness
fainting
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Expected outcomes for hypertension:
Verbalize his or her individualized plan of care for hypertension
Expected to adhere to the plan of care, including making necessary lifestyle changes
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Interventions: Lifestyle changes for hypertension
Restrict sodium intake
Reduce weight
Use alcohol sparingly
Exercise 3-4 X a week
Use relaxation techniques to reduce stress
Avoid tobacco and caffeine
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Other Interventions: for hypertension
Complementary therapies: garlic and coenzyme Q10
Drug therapy: antihypertensives, Lipid-lowering treatment, diuretics (1st defense), calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, aldosterone receptor antagonists, beta blockers, renin inhibitors
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hypertensive crisis:
severe elevation in BP (greater than 180/120) can cause organ damage in kidneys and heart
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Peripheral vascular disease (PVD):
disorders that change the natural flow of blood through the arteries through the arteries and veins of peripheral circulation, causing decreased perfusion to body tissues
Implies more arterial than venous
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