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Psychology: Attachment > Caregiver-infant interactions > Flashcards

Caregiver-infant interactions Flashcards

1
Q

What is attachment?

A

A strong, reciprocal, emotional bond between an infant and a caregiver that endures over time

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2
Q

What is a caregiver?

A

Any person who is providing care for a child

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3
Q

What is reciprocity?

A

When an infant responds to the action of a caregiver with a similar action

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4
Q

What is reciprocity likened to?

A

A conversation

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5
Q

Why is reciprocity important?

A

It allows the caregiver to anticipate the infant’s behaviour and respond appropriately

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6
Q

What is interactional synchrony?

A

When the infant mirrors the actions of their caregiver

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7
Q

Who conducted a study on interactional synchrony?

A

Meltzoff and Moore

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8
Q

At what age did Meltzoff and Moore find that interactional synchrony begins (in their first study)?

A

As early as 2-3 weeks

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9
Q

What was the procedure of Meltzoff and Moore’s study?

A

They had an adult model display one of three facial expressions or a hand movement whilst the infant had a dummy in, and then removed the dummy and recorded the infant’s behaviour

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10
Q

What did Meltzoff and Moore find in their secondary study?

A

That there was evidence of interactional synchrony in children as young as 3 days old

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11
Q

What did Meltzoff and Moore’s findings suggest about imitation behaviours?

A

That they are innate, not learned

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12
Q

What type of study was Meltzoff and Moore’s?

A

A controlled observation

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13
Q

What type of sampling was used in Meltzoff and Moore’s study?

A

Event sampling

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14
Q

How many times did each observer in Meltzoff and Moore’s study score the video?

A

Twice

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15
Q

What type of reliability did Meltzoff and Moore’s study have?

A

Intra-observer and inter-observer

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16
Q

What were the intra-observer and inter-observer reliability scores of Meltzoff and Moore’s study?

A

Both over 0.92

17
Q

What did Piaget suggest about true imitation?

A

That true imitation only developed towards the end of the first year

18
Q

What did Piaget suggest was the cause of imitation in young infants?

A

Response training (the result of operant conditioning)

19
Q

What are the 4 AO3 points of caregiver-infant interactions?

A

1) Problems with testing infant behaviour
2) Intentionality supported
3) Failure to replicate
4) Individual differences

20
Q

What may Meltzoff + Moore’s findings lack?

A

Reliability

21
Q

Why may Meltzoff + Moore’s findings lack reliability?

A

Infants mouths tend to be in constant motion + the measured expressions tend to occur frequently

22
Q

What cannot be established from Meltzoff + Moore’s findings?

A

A cause and effect relationship between the facial expression of the caregiver and the imitation by the infant

23
Q

How did Meltzoff + Moore overcome reliability issues?

A

They filmed the infants and caregivers and then had observers determine the infant’s behaviour from the video

24
Q

How has the intentionality of infant behaviour been measured?

A

By exposing infants to inanimate objects

25
Q

What findings have supported the intentionality of infant behaviour?

A

When interacting with inanimate objects, infants aged 5-12 weeks had little response to the objects

26
Q

What have other studies investigating caregiver-infant interactions failed to do?

A

Replicate Meltzoff + Moore’s findings

27
Q

Who failed to replicate Meltzoff + Moore’s findings?

A

Koepke et al

28
Q

Why did Meltzoff + Moore criticise Koepke’s study?

A

They said it was less controlled than theirs

29
Q

What has research found about live and recorded caregiver interactions found?

A

Infants couldn’t distinguish between live and recorded interactions with their mothers

30
Q

Which infant-caregiver interaction may be affected by individual differences?

A

Interactional synchrony

31
Q

Which type of infant showed greater interactional synchrony?

A

More strongly attached infant-caregiver pairs

32
Q

What is the longitudinal effect of early imitation?

A

Infants who displayed high levels of imitation in the first few weeks went on to have a better quality attachment at 3 months

Psychology: Attachment (11 decks)

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