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Psychology: Attachment > The development of attachment > Flashcards

The development of attachment Flashcards

1
Q

Who conducted a landmark study on the stages of attachment?

A

Schaffer and Emerson

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2
Q

How many infants were studied by Schaffer and Emerson?

A

60

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3
Q

Where were Schaffer and Emerson’s infants from?

A

Glasgow

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4
Q

At the start of Schaffer and Emerson’s study, what range of ages were the infants?

A

5-23 weeks

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5
Q

What age did Schaffer and Emerson study their infants until?

A

1 year

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6
Q

How often were the mothers visited in Schaffer and Emerson’s study?

A

Every four weeks

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7
Q

What behaviours were assessed during Schaffer and Emerson’s monthly visits?

A

Separation distress, intensity of protests and stranger anxiety

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8
Q

How was the intensity of infant’s protests measured in Schaffer and Emerson’s study?

A

Using a 4 point scale

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9
Q

What is separation anxiety?

A

The distress shown by an infant when separated from their caregiver

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10
Q

What is stranger anxiety?

A

The distress shown by an infant when approached by someone unfamiliar

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11
Q

What is a primary attachment figure?

A

The person who has formed the closest bond with a child

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12
Q

Who is typically the primary attachment figure?

A

The child’s biological mother

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13
Q

What are the 4 stages of attachment?

A

Indiscriminate attachment, beginnings of attachment, discriminate attachment and multiple attachments

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14
Q

What is the main characteristic of indiscriminate attachment?

A

The infant produces similar responses to all objects, both animate and inanimate

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15
Q

What 2 behaviours are often displayed during the indiscriminate attachment stage?

A

Interactional synchrony and reciprocity

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16
Q

What is the typical age range of indiscriminate attachment?

A

0-3 months

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17
Q

What is the main characteristic of beginnings of attachment?

A

Preferring human company to inanimate objects

18
Q

What do infants not display during the beginnings of attachment?

A

Stranger anxiety

19
Q

What is the typical age range of beginnings of attachment?

A

3-7 months

20
Q

What occurs during discriminate attachment?

A

A specific attachment is formed to their primary attachment figure

21
Q

What 2 behaviours start to occur during discriminate attachment?

A

Separation distress and stranger anxiety

22
Q

What did Schaffer and Emerson notice about intensely attached infants?

A

They typically had mothers with high levels of sensitive responsiveness

23
Q

What percentage of infants had their mother as their first specific attachment?

A

65%

24
Q

What percentage of infants had their father as their first specific attachment?

A

3%

25
Q

What percentage of infants had their mother as their joint first specific attachment?

A

30%

26
Q

What percentage of infants had their father as their joint first specific attachment?

A

27%

27
Q

What is the typical age range of discriminate attachment?

A

7-9 months

28
Q

Within one month of first becoming attached, what percentage of Schaffer and Emerson’s infants formed secondary attachments?

A

29%

29
Q

Within six months of first becoming attached, what percentage of Schaffer and Emerson’s infants formed secondary attachments?

A

78%

30
Q

What is the typical age range of multiple attachments?

A

9 months +

31
Q

What are the 4 AO3 points of the stages of attachment?

A

1) Unreliable data
2) Biased sample
3) Cultural variations
4) Socially sensitive

32
Q

What was the data collection method of Schaffer and Emerson?

A

Self-report method

33
Q

Why does Schaffer and Emerson’s data lack objectivity? (2)

A

1- Some mothers were less sensitive to their infant’s protests
2 - Social desirability bias

34
Q

What can be said about Schaffer + Emerson’s sample?

A

It is biased

35
Q

Why is Schaffer + Emerson’s sample bias in terms of social group?

A

All the children were from working-class families

36
Q

Why do Schaffer + Emerson’s findings lack temporal validity?

A

The study was conducted in the 1960s - women were expected to stay home + care for the children whilst the men worked and provided - not the case anymore

37
Q

Since the 1960s, what has happened to men taking over main parenting duties?

A

It has increased by 4x

38
Q

What type of culture is Glasgow?

A

An individualist culture

39
Q

Why may Schaffer + Emerson’s findings not apply to collectivist cultures?

A

It is more likely that children from collectivist cultures are more likely to form multiple attachments

40
Q

Why are Schaffer + Emerson’s findings socially sensitive?

A

If an infant is not meeting the milestones, they may be classified as abnormal- this may cause parents psychological harm due to feelings of anxiety

Psychology: Attachment (11 decks)

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