Carnivores B12-24 Flashcards
(228 cards)
1
Q
cats uniqueness
A
higher glucose metabolism
higher protein requirement
sensitive to deficiencies in arg & taur
no conversion of beta carotene to vit a
no trytophan for niacine conversion
no vit d synthesis
no linoleic acid for arachidonic synthesis
2
Q
consequence of taurine deficiency
A
retinal degradation
DCM
low birth rate
poor growth
poor repro performance
compormised immunity
3
Q
treatment of taurine deficiency
A
supplements
meat, fish, tablets
4
Q
arginine synthesis consequences
A
hyperammonia –> vomitting, muscular spasm, ataxia, hypereasthesia, tetany, spasms, coma
5
Q
what happens if the body has no arginine
A
no denovo synthesis of ornithine therefore no urea cycle
6
Q
vitamin a hypervitaminosis
A
due to feeding liver to cat
7
Q
consequence of vitamin a deficiency
A
parakeratosis
poor coat
lethargy
ossification of neck
8
Q
tretment of vit a deficiency
A
lipotrope
correct diet
9
Q
conseqeunce of niacin deficiency
A
weight loss
blue tongue
weakness
stomatitis
10
Q
consequence of arachidonic acid
A
thrombocytopaenia
poor coat
queen fails to deliver viable kittens
11
Q
treatment of arachidonic acid
A
fish and fish oils
12
Q
how is obeisity estimated
A
bcs and bw
13
Q
names of teh 2 types of obeisity
A
hypertrophic
hyperplastic
14
Q
cause of obeisity
A
energy intake with inadequate satiey signals, leptin, NPY & its receptors
energy intake > expenditure
heat production
age
neutering
15
Q
differential diagnosis of obeisity
A
ascites
pregnancy
acromegaly
neoplasoa
dm
constipation
hypothyroidism
16
Q
overweight definition
A
10-20% above optimal bw
17
Q
obese definition
A
> 20% over bw
18
Q
goals of obeisity management
A
promote weight loss
avoid weight regain
rate of weight loss weekly Ca 1-2% . Fe 0.5-1%
19
Q
therapy of obeisity
A
owner compliance
50-60% of maintenance, cyclic periodic design
fortified diet: vitamins and mineral will be lower
vit a stimulates the expression of letin resulting in decreased appetite
increase fibre from 2% to 10-15%
20
Q
how to measure BMI
A
measure ribcage circumference and the length of the lower leg from mid patella
21
Q
overnutrition
A
overconsumption
occurs in growing puppies of large puppies. muscles grow faster than bones –> OCD
22
Q
clinical signs of overnutrition
A
xrays
bear sole
23
Q
treatment of overnutrition
A
give 90% of nutritional requirement
24
Q
genetic hyperlipidaemia
A
lipid in blood during resting state
genetic endocrine disease
give low fat and high fibre
25
physiology of getting old
immune system impairment
joint ailments - decreased condrocyte number
limited mental function
obeisity
decreased kidney function
decreased heart and lung capacity
increased resp disturbances
decreased load capacity, stamina, endurance, physiological power
26
age of old cats
>11years
27
age and weight of old small dogs
<10kg
11.5 years
28
age and weight of old medium dogs
11-25kg
10 years
29
age and weight of old large dogs
25-45kg
9 years
30
age and weight of old giant dogs
>45kg
7.5 years
31
ME requirement for dogs
0.54 x bw^0.75
32
ME requirement for cats
0.33 x bw
33
protein turnover in older animals
lack of protein has damaging consequences
liver IGF1 can put acids back into muscles therefore elderly dogs need the same amount of energy as young
except in CKF
34
metabolic changes in older animals
glucose intolerance
decreased sensitivity to insulin
decreased fat desaturation
dysbiosis
decreased risk of obeisity in cats due to decreased digestibility coeffiecient
35
dietary changes in older animals
water adlib
maintanence decreases with age for dogs
for cats increase feed to compensate the decreased fat digestion
36
fibre in older animals
3-5% to prevent constipation
37
to prevent inflammation in older animals
fish oil
38
to prevent renal insufficiency in older animals
decrease Na & P
39
older horses
decrease insulin
EMS
chronic pain
dental anomalies
diarrhoea
cushings
dysbiosis
asthma
metabolic imbalance
decreased cold intolerance
40
why decrease maintainence
due to decline in free mass and decreased exercise ability
41
nutrition of older horses
decrease ME with age
soak feed to avoid diarrhoea
increased energy density
increase lysine and threonine
decrease P digestibility
extra vits mins omega 3 antioxidants
42
chronic renal failure
irreversible of lesions of kidney. occurs overmonths and years
decreased functionality of kidney
43
clinical consequences of CRF
PU/PD
dullness
weight loss
poor appetite
poor coat
diarrhoea, vomitting
anaemia
stomatitis
hypertension
44
what is glomeruslonephritis
continuous loss of proteins and inflammed nephrons
45
clinical signs of CRF
hypoalbuminaemia
ascites
hydrothorax
sc oedmea
46
treatment of CRF
protein
Na
47
treatment of conseuquences of CRF
treat acidosis with NaHCO3 and K citrate
epo, ca, vit d to prevent anaemia
prevent protein and P accumulation
48
aim of nutrition of animals with CKF
decrease load on kidney
prevent P accumulation
replace water soluble vits and calcium
49
protein nutrition of animals with CKF
dont completely eliminate it
otherwise - hair loss and rubber jaw
50
Cp of animals with CKF
Ca: 14-18% (normal is 18%)
Fe: 25-28% (normal is 30-40%)
51
vitamins and minerals of animals with CKF
decrease P ro help serum levels
increase ME
supplements of ca, vit d, omega 3, antioxidant
52
at what stage of CKF when should prescription diet feeding start
at stage 2
53
what species is urolithiasis most common in
cats
54
type of urolith in dogs
struvite
cysteine
oxalate
urate
silicate
55
types of urolith in cats
struvite
oxalate
56
which types of stones do you want to reduce the formation of
cysteine
oxalate
urate
silicate
57
which type of stones do you want to dissolve the stones and prevent reoccurrence
struvite
58
nutrition of dissolving the stones
increase ME, Na, BV
decrease P, Mg (by reducing dairy) protein
Acidifiers
59
nutrition of reducing the formation of the stones
decrease; protein level, Ca
increase; feed digestibility and biological value, alkalinity
control protein deficiency
60
how long can a prescription diet be given in case of urolithiasis
6months max
61
defieciencys that can cause skin disease
Zn
Iodine
Vit E
Vit A
pantothenic
62
what species is Zn responsive dermatitis most common in
huskeys
alaskan malamute
63
clinic signs of zn deficiency
erythema
alopecia
scalling
crusting
suppuration around mouth, chin, eyes, ears, perineum
thick crust over joints
64
treatment of zn dficiency
100mg zn sulphate po BID
65
at what age do bull terriers die
7months with extreme zn deficiency
66
clinical signs of iodine deficiency in puppies
goitre
hair loss
67
clinical signs of vit e deficiency in cats skin
lumpy sc and fat
dermatitis
68
clinical signs of vit a deficiency in skin
greasy
seborrheic parakeratosis
69
clinical signs of pantothenic deficiency in skin
greying
70
main allergies of dogs
beef
dairy products
gluten
71
main allergies of cats
beef
dairy
72
clinical signs of allergies
itching
skin problems
diarrhoea
vomitting
73
differential diagnosis of allergies
FAD
74
diagnosis of allergies
elimination diet
diagnosis by challenging/ scarifcation/ elisa
75
aim of feeding allergies
reduce the chance of allergic response
unique protein source
ID of allergy
support healthy skin barrier
76
types of prescription diets for allergies
EUKANUBA
hydrolysed protein source and common carb source
Hypoallergic diet
77
hypoallergic diet for dogs
protein = fish
energy = spud
78
hypoallergic diet for cats
protein = lamb
energy = barley
79
type 1 diabetes
insulin dependant
IDDM
80
clinical signs of IDDM
hyperglycaemia
no insulin production
insufficient glucose absorption by cells
81
type 2 diabetes
non insulin dependant
NIDDM
82
clinical signs of NIDDM
hyperglycaemia and insulin resistance
83
type 3 diabetes
impaired glucose tolerance
high blood glucose at fasting
84
type 4 diabetes
gestational diabetes
P4 inhibits insulin actions
85
other clinical signs of DM
cataracts
dermatitis
PU/PD
polyneuroplasia
86
aim of dietary treatment for type 1
regulation of blood glucose by feeding
minimalise the prostprandial fluctuations
87
protein for dietary treatment for type 1
increase it to 25-30%
88
fibre for dietary treatment for type 1
15%
89
function of fibre for dietary treatment for type 1
slows glucose release
less postprandial glucose and insulin peak
90
fat for dietary treatment for type 1
10% any hihger would cause ketosis
91
complete carbs for dietary treatment for type 1
slow release glucose - 45-50% of DM
starch
92
what is the glycoaemic index
ranking of carbs on a scale from 0 - 100 according to the extent to which they raise blood glucose levels after eating
93
high gi
fluctutations in the blood glucose level - juice
94
low gi
smaller fluctuations - buckwheat
95
2 names of insulin injections
Amorph
Crystallin Zn
96
amorph insulin injection
quick absorption
short duration
97
crystallin Zn insulin injection
slow absoprtion
longer acting
98
daily routine of animal with IDDM
25% of ration in morning
then rest after 7-8hrs
99
when to give insulin in IDDM animals
after feeding of first ration
100
what to do with hospitalised IDDM animals
4-5feeds/day
2 injections
101
pathophysiology of Congestive heart failure:
first step
decreased heart capacity
102
pathophysiology of Congestive heart failure:
decreased heart capacity causes
decreased curculation and bp
103
pathophysiology of Congestive heart failure:
decreased bp causes
poor renal perfusion
104
pathophysiology of Congestive heart failure:
poor renal perfusions causes
activation of renin angiotensin aldosterone system
105
pathophysiology of Congestive heart failure:
activated RAAS causes
Na and H20 retention
106
pathophysiology of Congestive heart failure:
Retention cauases
water in thorax and abdomen
107
pathophysiology of Congestive heart failure:
water in thorax and abdomen causes
increased load on the heart
108
consequences of CHF
ascites
oedema
hydrothorax
109
Nutritional Management of CHF:
decrease; Na (<0.25% of DM)
increase; protein, antioxidants and omega 3 in diet
110
Nutritional Management of CHF
avoid
cheese
processed meals
cereals
liver
heart
kidney
treats
111
Nutritional Management of CHF
give
beef
rabbit
chicken
rice
pasta
112
Nutritional Management of CHF
supplements
taurine - cats
L carnitine - dogs
113
prescription diet for heart failure animals
Hills h/d
114
cause of acute pancreatitis
medication
infection
obesity
trauma
shock
115
symptoms of acute pancreatitis
abdominal distension
lack of appetite
dehydration
vommiting
yellow/green faeces
116
treatment of acute pancreatitis
nothing po for 3-5 days
then high carbs and low fat
3-5 small meals a day
117
what happens in case of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency
pancrease only produces 10% of normal enzymes
118
cause of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency
chronic pancreatitis
breed disposition
duct obstruction
119
symptoms of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency
rapid weight loss
poor coat
clay like stool
animal eats abnormal things
type 1 dm
120
diagnosis of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency
serum trypsin like immunoreactivity
faecal elastase test
indigested particles in faeces
121
giemsa stain
mm
122
lugol stain
starch
123
sudan stain
lipid
124
aim of treatment of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency
decrease intestinal load
avoid clinical signs
digestive enzyme replacement
125
diet of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency
high digestibility diet
low fat and fibre
small portions
126
supplements of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency
fat soluble vits
enzyme replacers
127
names for enzyme replacers
bovine pancrease
lipase
trypsin
128
what species is hepatic lipidosis common in
cats
129
pathophys of hepatic lipidosis
circulation of fatty acids taken up by the liver resulting in hepatic cell degrdation
130
clinical consequences of hepatic lipidosis
weight loss
lethargy
vomit
malnutrition
131
aim of feeding in case of hepatic lipidosis
decrease metabolic load
support and restore liver function
avoid hepatic encephalopathy
132
diet for hepatic lipidosis
decrease; protein
high energy and digestibility
NH3 traps e.g. lactulose
133
supplements for diet of hepatic lipidosis
Vit B, K, E
L carnitine
taurine
arginine
134
protein of hepatic lipidosis
dog - 15%
cat - 25%
135
another name for wilsons disease
menkes disease
copper storage disease
coppe hepatotoxicosis
136
predisposition to Wilsons disease
Bedlington terriers
Westies
137
pathophys of Wilsons disease
dysfunction of ATP78 (a copper transporting protein)
therefore liver cant remove copper
therefore high levels of copper in liver and plasma
138
what enzyme is lacking in Wilsons disease
metallothionine
139
clinical consequences of Wilsons disease
gum bleeding
ascites
jaundice
anaemia
copper circle in eye
140
aim of feeding Wilsons disease
decrease copper in diet
decrease in copper binding substances
decrease in protein load
141
diet in case of Wilsons disease
low protein
avoid; liver, mushroom, chamomile, vitamin c
142
deficiencys that influence skeletal system
Ca
vit d
vit e
thiamine
143
another name for ca deficiency
rubber jaw disease
144
what can rubber jaw disease lead to
secondary hyperparathyroidism
145
cause of rubber jaw disease
poor balance of meat in the diet
146
clinical signs of rubber jaw disease
reluctance to walk
poor bone density
lameness
poor results on a dexa scan
147
treatment of rubber jaw disease
painkillers
148
prevention of rubber jaw disease
limestone
calcium lactate
ca hypophospharium
149
vitamin d deficiency
normally stimulated Ca conversion of kidney
150
vitamin d deficiency consequences
rickets
osteomalacia
failure of normal mineralisation of newly formed osteoid tissue in young animals
151
another name for vitamin E deficiency
yellow fat disease
panstetitis
152
what species is vitamin E deficiency common in
cats
153
cause of vitamin E deficiency
high polyunsat fats with low vit e causing cercoid pigments deposits in adipose tissue
therefore necrosis and inflammation
154
clinical signs of vitamin E deficiency
anorexia
depression
general tenderness
sc fat lumpy and painful
155
what species is thiamine deficiency most likely in
cats
156
cause of thiamine deficiency
raw fidhs
thiaminase in day old chick
overcooked meat
canned food
157
stages of thiamine deficiency
induction
critical
terminal stages
158
clinical signs of stage 1 thiamine deficiency
anorexia
vomit
ataxia
159
clinical signs of stage 2 thiamine deficiency
nervous signs
abnormal posture
ataxia
ventroflexion of head
convulsion
160
clinical signs of stage 3 thiamine deficiency
weaker --> death
161
clincial signs of hypervitiminosis A
poor coat
lethargy
neck pain
lameness
exostoses
pain in c, th and fl
162
treatment of hypervitiminosis A
lipotrophic subtances
163
example of lipotrophic substance
met
choline
164
exostoses definition
benign growths of bones extending outwards
165
what does Ca overload cause
hip dysplasia
166
what does overfeeding of large breed puppies cause
OCD
167
CP requirement of sporting dogs
23%
168
NFE requirement of sporting dogs
40%
169
diet of sporting dogs
increased; energy buy increasing fats
170
are carbs digested well by sporting dogs
no
171
CP of working dogs
30%
172
fat of working dogs
20%
173
ME sprinter vs heavy worker
sprinter < worker
174
CP sprinter vs heavy worker
sprinter < worker
175
CF sprinter vs heavy worker
sprinter = worker
176
fat sprinter vs heavy worker
sprinter < worker
177
NFE sprinter vs heavy worker
sprinter > worker
178
components of feed of work dogs
meat
fish
viscera
whey powder
heat treated cereals
179
antioxidants needed for work horse
vitamin e/selenium
omega 3
180
why are antioxidants necessary in work horses
free radicals produced during work
181
feeding of greyhounds ideal
50-70% red meat
1lg/day cereals
182
risk for feeding of greyhounds
pathogens
bulky
183
to prevent risks for greyhounds
give
high energy dense compound dry feed
400g/day
low bulk
high digestiblity
184
breakfast of greyhounds
cooked cereal biscuits - carb based
185
evening meal of greyhounds
lean meat and dry food with veg
186
supplements of greyhounds
vit c, d, e, b2
iron, ca
electrolytes
187
pathophys of tumerous animals
insulin resistance ==> decrease in CHO utilitsation
188
clinical signs of tumerous animals
hyperglycaemia
hyperosmolarity
lactic acid production
prone to acidosis and inflammation
decreased appetite due to TNFalpha
189
goal of dietary treatment of tumourous animals
inhibit metastasis
decreased of reoccurrence
190
feeding principles of tumourous animals
personalised & according to cell type
bcs
re evaluation
dietetic anamness
191
pre/post op phase
aim
to starve cancer cells
192
what do cancer cells require
high energy, protein, minerals and vitamins
193
pre/ post op phase of tumourous animals treatment
drastic feed limitation 1/4 maintenance.
100g food for 30kg dog
194
aim of non operable tumourous animals
prolong life
195
treatment of non operable tumourous animals
increase proteins, arginine, biotin all for urea cycle
antioxidants, pain relief, immunostimulating additives
196
feed compounds of tumourous animals
low carbs
increased; fats, oils, protein
antioxidants
197
DM of dog milk
23%
198
DM of cat milk
19%
199
DM of mare milk
13%
200
energy of dog milk
5.8mj/day
201
energy of cat milk
4.4 mj/day
202
energy of mare milk
3mj/day
203
CP of dog milk
7.8%
204
CP of cat milk
8.1%
205
CP of mare milk
2%
206
fat of cat milk
5.1%
207
fat of dog milk
9.8%
208
fat of mare milk
1.6%
209
lactose of dog milk
3.5%
210
lactose of cat milk
6.9%
211
lactose of mare milk
7%
212
weight of puppies at birth
100-750g
213
weight of kittens at birth
90-120g
214
at what age does puppies bw double
first 8-10days
215
at what age does kitten bw double
in first 2 weeks
216
risks of abandoned kittens and puppies
hypothermia
hypoglycaemia
dehydration
217
artificial milk replacer for puppies and kittens
scrambles meat
cottage cheese
rapeseed oil
yolk
skimmed milk
218
why is goats milk a good milk substitute
no caesin which can cause allergies
fat is smaller and digested easier
219
milk replacers for puppies
lactol
essential pet with colostrum
puppy milk
220
milk quantity for puppies
16ml/100g bw
6-8times daily
221
what to avoid in kittens
dog milk - ca deficiency
cow milk - low in protein and fat
222
milk replacer in kittens
kitty milk formula
goat milk powder
223
milk quantity of kittens
25ml/100g bw
6-8times/ day
224
where does an abandoned foals first hour energy come from
newborn uses carbs stored in liver & glycogen in skeletal muscle
225
where does energy for foal for hour 2-4hrs come from
stored fat
226
what do normal foals consumer
20-25% bw in milk in first 5 weeks
17-20% after
227
milk replacer recipe
600ml cows milk
400ml water
35g milk sugar
2 raw eggs
228
creep feed for foals
1L oats/ day
increase each month 3months - 3L
