Cows B5-10 Flashcards by Holly Barr

causes of rumen acidosis

excess concentrates causing an increase in lactic acid

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type of concentrates that cause rumen acidosis

ractopamine hydrochloride supplement

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consequences of rumen acidosis

decreased chewing leading to a decrease in saliva therefore a decrease in buffering capacity

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consequences of decreased buffereing capacity

rumen atrophy
bloat diarrhoea
lactic acidaemia
laminitis
metabolic acidosis
liver abscess
thiamine deficiency

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prevention of rumen acidosis

give some concentrates during the close up period
fibre supplement
buffers

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when is the close up period

3 weeks before calving

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what does fibre supplement do

maintain normal rumen fermentation

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reasons for ketosis during pregnancy and lactation

glucose is required for lactose and milk fat production and ovarian follicles

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reasons for ketosis after calving

there is a -ve energy balance
therefore body metabolises fat tissues

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cause of ketosis in case of -ve energy balance

body metabolises fat tissue
acteyl coa is converted to ketone bodies
oxaoloacetate is used in GNG

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consequences of ketosis

ketouria
acidosis
decreased milk production and fertility

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what bcs of cow is ketosis more common in

> 3.5 more frequent in fatt cows
increased adipose tissue cause increase in leptin and inhibition of neuropeptide Y
thus decreasing feed intake causing a -ve energy balance

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prevention of ketosis

reduce the -ve energy balance
look at the total mixed ration
give concentrates/ cereal grains
rumen protected glucose
bypass fat
molasses and sugar beet pulp
glucoplastic & heteroprotective substances

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another name for clinical hypocalcaemia

milk fever

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reasons for hypocalaemia

high ca in the cry period and alkaline diet
high value of cation-anion balance caused by K
low vitamin d

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what doe a high value of cation-anion balance inhibit

pth action

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cause of atypical milk fever

high p supplement
iinhibiting renal 1.25DHCC
decreaing ca absorption

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consequence of hypocalcaemia

decreased muscle function
decreased gi and rumen motility
decreased uterine motility
decreased teat sphincter contraction
decreased immune function

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prevention of milk fever

decrease cation anion balance to -50->-150
vitamin d injection
NH4Cl supplement as it has more anions

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what odes NH4CL suuplement do

increase conc of anions
stimulate PTH production and Ca resoprtion of bones

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when to give vit d injection

10 days prior to calving

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optimal milk urea levels

3.5-6mmol/l

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what does an increase in NH3 and a decrease in energy cause

N is wasted in urine and milk

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what does decrease in NH3 and increase in energy cause

lactate is produced because energy is not used for protein synthesis

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cause of milk urea > optimal

excess ruminal degradable protein or low ruminal fermentation carbohydrate

why is the first phase of lactation so important

fertility can decrease due to excess ammonia therefor decreasedpH

consequence of feeding surplus nitrogen

increase feed cost due to energy loss waste of protein liver damage reproduction disorders urea in milk pollution in environment

factors influencing milk urea conc

cow - nutrition, breed maturity, health, bw environment - housing. summer/winter sample collection - morning/afternoon. skimmed or whole milk

direct milk analysis

urea & reagent = colour transformation

indirect milk analysis

urea & urease = NH3 and CO2 - measure NH3 via keildahl method

normal levels of betahydroxybutyrate

<1mmol/l

normal levels of acetoacetate

<0.4mmol/l

normal levels of acetone

<0.7mmool/l

primary ketosis

starvation leads to energy deficit and decreased milk production

secondary ketosis

other diseases cause a decrease in appetite

when does primary ketosis occur

weeks 3-6 of lactation

when does secondary ketosis occur

in early lactation

ketonuric index

practical indicator to evaluate energy balance indicates seriousness of ketone body presence

rothera test for ketone bodies

purple is positive

east recovery

<20-25g/dl

life threatening

>40g/dl

cause of washy pasture

early spring have increase moisture and protein

consequence of washy pasture

diarrhoea

treatment of washy pasture

give hay and straw prior to going to pasture

cause of vitamin a deficiency

bleached hay and winter

consequence of vitamin a deficiency

decreased skin and mm protection decreased reproduction decreased bone growth and development in calves

treatment of vitamin a deficiency

supplementation

mg deficiency consequences

hyperexcitability muscle twitching staggers stiff gait muscle spasm collapse death

cause of mg deficiency

in lactating cows where blood ca levels are low

prevention of mg deficiency

grass legume pasture given first give salt to help with mg transport to cells

consequence of vit e deficiency

muscular dystrophy in calves decreased immune response in older cows

cardiac form of white muscle disease

rapid onset and sudden death

skeletal form of white muscle disease

slow onset and difficulty swallowing

cause of thiamine deficiency

intensive fattening grains cause decrease in ruminal pH and decrease in thiaminase producing bacteria no thiamine utilisation

cause of vit d and ca deficiency

due to intensive fattening high grain intake with low ca

result of ca deficiency

breaking down of the heel bone and achilles tendon

result of copper deficiency

coat discoloration

cause of urea toxicity

urea supplementation and molasses

consequence of ammonia poisoning

salivation convulsions incoordination death

treatment of urea posioning

4L treatment 40L cold water iv acetic acid

cause of nitrate toxicity

n fertilisers manure water

consequences of nitrate toxicity

abortion and decrease of DMI

consequence of heat stress

decrease in DMI

urolithiasis treatment

acidifiers Ca:P 2:1

consequence of urolithiasis

urinary bladder rupture

cause of urolithiasis

intense fattening -- struvite

sand impaction cause

soil type

what does sand impaction affect

reticulum, rumen, abomasum latent causes death

frothy bloat cause

alfalfa and clovers high CP and frost increase the risk

prevention of frothy bloat

tannin containing legumes break up stable foam and decreased bloat

cause of acidosis

intensive fattening and high concentrate diet pH <6

prevention of acidosis

forages and buffers

cause of hardware disease

traumatic gastritis/reticulitis caused by heavy objects

consequence of hardware disease

severe organ damage => pericarditis

treatment of hardware disease

magnets and surgery

cause of hydrocyanic toxicity

sorghum, sudan grass (cyanogenic glycosides) prussic acid

consequnce of hydrocyanic toxicity

resp failure and death

prevention of hydrocyanic toxicity

grazing management hay

Cows B5-10 Flashcards

(78 cards)