Cows A11- A19 Flashcards
1
Q
pH of rumen
A
6.5
2
Q
what maintains the pH of the rumen
A
saliva
3
Q
quantity of saliva produced each day
A
20L/day
4
Q
function of saliva
A
acts as a buffer
5
Q
what does saliva contain
A
HCO3
HPO4^2-
6
Q
what happens in case of low chewing
A
decreased saliva
decreased buffer capacity
acidosis
7
Q
structural carbohydrates feed types
A
hay/roughage
8
Q
non structural carbohydrates feed types
A
cereals
9
Q
nutrients of structural carbohydrates
A
cellulose
hemicellulose
pectin
10
Q
nutrients of non structural carbohydrates
A
starch
fructose
sucrose
11
Q
degradation of cellulose and hemicellulose
A
occurs at pH6-7
12
Q
cellulose and hemicellulose degrade into
A
acetic acid
succinate
ethanol
formic acid
CO2
H2
13
Q
pectin degrades into
A
VFA
lactic acid
succinate
14
Q
starch and sugar are degraded by
A
streptococcus bovis
15
Q
starch and sugar degrade into
A
lactic acid
acetic acid
proprionic acid
succinate
ethanol
16
Q
sugar is degraded by
A
protozoa
17
Q
sugar degrades into
A
acetate
butyrate
H2
18
Q
succinate fermentive bacteria
A
co2
proprionic acid
19
Q
what type of enzymes does bacteria in the rumen produce
A
extracellular enzymes
20
Q
what do EC enzymes do
A
polysaccharides —> pyruvate
21
Q
what do IC enzymes do
A
pyruvate –> VFA and ATP
22
Q
quantity of VFA produced
A
3-4kg/day
23
Q
3 VFA
A
acetate
propionate
butyrate
24
Q
what does acetate break down to
A
AcCoa –> fat or ketone bodies
25
consequence of increasing roughage on acetate
increases therefore decreases amylitic bacteria and increasing cellulocytic bacteria
26
what does propionate break down to
energy
GNG producing glucose
27
what does butyrate break down to
energy
ketones
28
CP of ruminants
total N x 6.25 (true protein & NPN)
29
first step of protein degradation
to peptides by bacterial protease
30
second step of protein degradation
peptides to amino acids by peptidase
31
3rd step of protein degradation
amino acids to NH3, CO2, VFA by deamination
32
how is urea degraded
to NH3 by urease
33
What type of protein does a cow eat
CP
34
in the cow what happens to UDP
UDP + microbial protein --> amino acids to tissues and mammary glands
35
in the cow what are the 3 protein types
UDP
NPN
RDP
36
in the cow what happens to NPN
NPN --> NH3
NH3 becomes either energy or microbial protein
37
in the cow what happens RDP
RDP --> NH3
38
the 2 protein requirements of Ru
MPN
MPE
39
what is MP
metabolizable protein
the amino acids available in the small intestine
UDP + microbial protein
40
MPN
nitrogen dependant metabolisable protein
41
MPE
energy dependant metabolisable protein
42
how to increase UDP in feed
heat protein
formaldehyde treatment
maillard reaction
capping
43
function of capping
provides a lipid layer around methionine to prevent ruminal breakdown
44
function of formaldehyde treatment
binds to free amino acids which decompose in the intestines
45
function of maillard reaction
degradation of connection between proteins and carbs
46
foods with high RDP
cereals, not maize
field bean
soybean
grass hay
grass haylage
47
foods with medium RDP
maize
peas
sunflower meal
rapeseed
silomaize
fresh grass
48
foods with low RDP
sorghum
maize gluten
fish meal
pelleted alfalfa
49
what concentrate helps ammonia and energy curves meet
molasses
50
UFP definition
urea fermentation potential
how much urea is in 1kg DM
51
UFP equation -ew
(1.044TDN -- degradation of protein) / 2.8
52
factors influencing ruminal degradation of feed proteins
protein degrading activity of rumen microbes
protein structure
53
sources of protein in the small intestine
By pass protein
protein synthesized in rumen
endogenous protein
54
utilisation of RDP
90%
55
utilisation of NPN
80%
56
requirement of by pass soybean protein
0.5-1kg
57
requirement of by pass methionine
10-20g/day
58
what feed type would you find simple fats?
seeds
59
what feed type would you find composed lipids
roughages
60
what type of fat is simple
triglyceride
61
what type of fat is composed
phospholipid
galactolipid
62
types of lipids in the diet
triglyceride
phospholipid
galactolipid
63
first step of lipid degradation
by bacterial lipase to glycerol & galactose and FA
64
linolenic acid hydrogenisation
linolenic acid + H+ --> stearic acid
65
linoleic acid hydrogenisation
linoleic acid + H+ --> oleic acid
66
how does an unsaturated fat become saturated
hydrogenised in the rumen
67
what type of fats do green forages have
unsat
as they spend less time in the rumen
68
if dairy cow needs more energy
dont give concentrates
69
why not give concentrates to dairy cow if they need more energy
decreased chewing
decreased saliva
increased VFA
acidosis
70
if dairy cow needs more energy give
more fats
5-8% DM
71
function of fat in rumen
dissolve fats and surround fibres
therefore no access for enzyme microbial digestion
decreasing acetate
72
lipid supplementation in the diet
(3)
ether extract
plant origin feedstuff
by pass fat
73
ether extract content of diet
2.5-3%
74
plant origin feedstuffs
2-3%
75
protected or bypass fats
2-3%
76
total lipid supplementation
5-8%
1.2-1.5kg
77
feed additives
yeast
buffer
78
main product of beef
offspring
79
main product of dairy cows
mother's milk is main product
80
bw of calves at birth
40-50kg
81
bw of calves at 3months
80-110kg
82
bw of calves at 6 months
180-200kg
83
ruminoreticulum abomasum ratio at 1 month
0.5
84
ruminoreticulum abomasum ratio at 2 months
1.5
85
ruminoreticulum abomasum ratio at 4 months
4.5
86
feeding of calf from day 0 - week 1
8-10L/ day colostrum
87
feeding of calf from week 1 - 1 month
6-7L/day
88
feeding of calf from month 1 - month 2
5-6L/day
89
feeding of calf from month 2 - month 3
3-4L/day
90
feeding of calf from 3 months - 6months
>1.5kg/day dry feed
91
What increases the size of the rumen
increase in VFA
92
how to improve microbiome etablishment
give solid feeds from week 2
93
what triggers papilla development
fibres from hay
94
oesophageal groove reflex
directs milk from moth to abomasum
95
temp of milk replacer
37-38o
96
conditions of milk replacer that causes the oesophageal reflex
intake
age
chemicals - copper sulphate
97
water requirement of calf at month 1
8-10L/day
98
water requirement of calf at month 2
10-15L/day
99
caesin digestion
prorenin becomes renin for caesin fermentation
100
how is milk fat digested
by lipase
101
how is lactose digested
lactase
(because - maltose, saccharose dont develop until 3-4weeks)
102
calf rearing system of beef
traditional
103
calf rearing system of dairy
liquid/artifical
104
week 1 of calf rearing
within 2 hours
4L of colostrum is required
105
week 1 of calf rearing
day 1& 2
8-10L colostrum daily divided into 4 feeds
106
week 1 of calf rearing
35L in total
107
Ig in colostrum
6%
108
Ig in milk
0.09%
109
Mg in colostrum
0.04%
110
Mg in milk
0.01%
111
what has higher vitamins
colstrum > milk
112
week 2 in traditional calf rearing
direct suckling
waste of milk
unbalanced nutrient supply
113
week 2 in liquid calf rearing
38-40oC
whole milk + whole milk powder
or
skim milk+ fat supplement + water
or
protein supplement + fat supplement
114
milk replacer
skin milk powder + whey + soy protein + fat
115
day 10- 21 of calf rearing
6L/day milk
116
day 22-56 of calf rearing
8L/day
117
day 57-70 of calf rearing
7L/day
118
last week prior to weaning
3L/day divded in 2 and given with food
119
calf starter cp
18-19% given with meadow hay
120
why is meadow hay given with calf starter
high in cp
low in cf
121
when is weaning in calves
day 60-90
122
how is weaning time in calves determines
once calf eats 1.5kg/day dry feed
123
when is grower feed started
1 week post weaning
124
when is post rearing
5-6months of age
125
goal of rearing
800g bw daily gain
126
feed of rearing
2-2.5kg concentrates
ad lib roughage
127
what is the age and weight of a heifer
5-6months
bw 200kg
128
when does isometric growth occur in heifers
from birth to weaning
from insemination to calving
129
when does allometric growth occur
from day 90
130
what is puberty onset dependant on
weight not age
131
bw at weaning
80-110kg
132
weight at insemination
330-350kg
133
weight at first calving
530kg
134
length of gestation
283days
135
height of withers at insemination
110-120cm
136
height of withers at calving
130cm
137
bcs at time of calving
3.5
138
very slow rearing intensity
low bw gain
late breeding
18months
139
moderate rearing intensity
small frame
700g bw/day gain
bred before 18months
140
intense rearing intensity
800-900gbw/day gain
breed before 18months
improved milk yield
141
physiologically intense rearing intensity
1000-1200g bw/day gain
breeding at 12-13months
economical but difficult calvin
142
NEm of dairy heifer
23-24 mj/day DM
143
NEg of dairy heifer
26.6 mj/day
144
cp of dairy heifer
10-11%
145
what are ovaries sensitive to
NH3
146
cf of dairy heifers
6%
147
Examples of roughage for dairy heifers
hay
maize
stalks
silage
pasture
148
in case of high VFA in blood
increase roughage
149
in case of low VFA in blood
increase concentrates
150
quantity of green forages at 6-7months
15-18kg
151
quantity of green forages at 9-12months
20-25kg
152
quantity of silage for heifers
5-10kg
153
quantity of hay for heifers
1-3kg
154
quantity of concentrate of heifers
2-3kg
155
period 1 of feeding beef heifers
from 0 - 5-6months -weaning
156
period 2 of feeding beef heifers
from weaning to mating
157
period 3 of feeding beef heifers
from mating to calving
158
period goal of phase 1
fast development
no grazing
159
feeding of phase 1 of beef heifers
10-15kg DM + 1.5-2.5kg concentrates
160
bw of phase 2 beef heifers
70% of adult weight
161
daily gain of phase 2 beef heifers
700-750g/day bw gain
162
how early do you mate beef heifers
2 weeks earlier than dairy
163
feeding of phase 3 and 4 beef heifers
pasture
corn stubble
protein
vit a
164
what is weight at phase 4
85-90% adult weight
165
energy requirements of beef heifers
NEm = 0.322 x BW^0.75
NEl = 4,184 MJ/day
166
feed of phase 4 beef heifers
cheap as possible
grazing and hays
sorghum
no NPN
167
fattening methods
steers
calf fattening system
baby beef
young bull fattening
intensice young bull fattening
young dairy heifer
improve old dairy cow
168
traditional growing bull length of feeding
from weaning to 16-18months of fattening
169
feed of traditional growing bull
forages and concentrates
170
end bw of traditional growing bull and daily gain
1000g daily bw
500-600end kg
171
intensive growing bull length of feeding
from weaning to 13-15months of fattening
172
feed of intensive growing bull
forages and concentrates
173
end bw of intensive growing bull and daily gain
500-600 end kg
1300g daily gain
174
angus heifer and bull length of feeding
from weaning to 9-10months of age
175
end weight of angus bull and heifer
>650kg
176
daily bw gain of angus heifer
1300g
177
daily bw gain of angus bull
1500g
178
feed of angus heifers and bulls
sorghum silage
oat
grass
lucerne haylage
corn gluten feed
179
summer feed of beef heifers
increased concentrates compared to dairy cows
180
winter feed of beef heifers
silage and protein
181
what is homeorhesis
harmonised metabolic changes on tissue level
redistribution of nutrients
182
phase 1 lactation
early lactation
day 0 - 70
183
goal of phase 1 lactation
reach peak dm intake
maintain peak lactation
halt any loss in body weight
184
energy balance of phase 1 lcatation
-ve
can cause ketosis
185
loss of body weight of phase 1 lacation
40kg
186
prerequisite of reinsemination
dw doesnt decrease
dominance of gonadotropic hormone and insulin
187
ratio of forage: concentrates in phase 1 of lactation
40:60
188
cf of phase 1 lacation
15-17%
too high can cause acidosis
189
cp of phase 1 lacation
cp = 17-18%
190
NEl of phase 1 lactation
6.8-7.2MJ/kg dm
191
DM of mixed feeds of phase 1 lactation
95-100g/kg DM
192
phase 2 of lactation length
day 70-140
193
when does reinsemination occur
day 85
194
energy balance of 2nd phase of lactation
0 or +ve
195
forage: conc ratio of 2nd phase lactation
50:50
196
CF of 2nd phase lactation
17-18%
197
NEl of 2nd phase lactation
6.2-6.4MJ/dau
198
when to check bcs
after calvin
in first 1--days of lactation
200days of lcatation
after drying off
during dryinf ogg
199
phase 3 of lactation
mid-late lactation
day 140-305
200
forage: concentrate ratio of phase 3 of lactation
60:40
201
milk production during phase 3 of lactation
decreased
202
NEl during phase 3 of lactation
5.6-6mj/day
203
aim of phase 3 of lactation
promote body reserve
204
bcs of phase 3 of lactation
3.5
205
risks of phase 3 of lactation
fatty cow disease
206
improtant vitamins and minerals of lactation
Ca
P
Mg
Na, K, Cl
Vit - B, A, D, E, carotene
207
Ca requirement of dairy cows in lactation
4.4g/100kg bw
208
P requirement of dairy cows in lcatation
3.4g
209
durination for phase 4 dry period
day 305-350
210
aim of phase 4 dry period
minimalise metabolic problems
increase milk yield in next lacation
211
Ca of phase 4 dry period
6.1g/100kg bw
212
P of phase 4 dry period
4.2 g/100kg bw
213
why keep nutrients low
prevent ketosis and fatty liver disease
214
cp of phase 4 dry period
12%
215
Duration of phase 5 transition period
day 350-365
216
aim of phase 5 transition period
adjust rumen bacteria to get used to lactation feed
217
Ca:P during calving
ratio needs o be lower therefore decrease Ca
218
cp phase 5 transition period
14-16%
219
Cation Anion Balance ideally
between -50 and -150
220
anionic supplements
100g NH4Cl + 100gMgSO4 /day
221
5 compounds that have an advantageous effect of rumen
yeast culture
buffers
nicotinic acid
CAB
glucogenic compounds
222
quantity of yeast to give
5g/cow/day
4g/cattle/day
223
funcction of yeast in rumen
removes o2 giving anaerobic conditions
increase bacterial viability
increase celluloysis and flow of microbial protein
increasing food intake and productivity
224
examples of yeast
saccharomyces cerevisae
aspergillus oryzae
225
function of buffer
maintain pH of 6.2-6.8
226
examples of buffers
NaH2PO4
NaHCO3
227
quantity of NaHCO3
100-150g/day
228
alkalysing agentds function
increase pH
229
examples of alkalysing agents
HgO
Na2CO3
230
function of nicotinic acid
bacterial niacin decreases postpartum
needed for metabolism of carbs, proteins, fat
231
if CAB is outside the balance what happens
acidosis and increased Ca metabolism form bones
232
examples of glucogenic compounds
gylcerol
propylenglycol
glucose balance
233
stage 1 of beef cows yearly cycle duration
0-80days
234
protein of stage 1 of beef cows yearly cycle
160%
235
Energy of stage 1 of beef cows yearly cycle
maintenance + 60%
236
bcs of stage 1 of beef cows yearly cycle
2.5
237
milk production of stage 1 of beef cows yearly cycle
6-10L/day
238
forages of stage 1 of beef cows yearly cycle
hay
straw
silage
239
concentrates of stage 1 of beef cows yearly cycle
barley
oat
corn
urea
240
stage 2 of beef cows yearly cycle duration
day 80 - weaning (day 205)
125days
241
when do you wean a beef cow
240kg
6-7months
242
protein of stage 2 of beef cows yearly cycle
134%
243
milk production of stage 2 of beef cows yearly cycle
decreased
244
energy of stage 2 of beef cows yearly cycle
maintenacne +40-50%
245
feed of stage 2 of beef cows yearly cycle
pasture
supplementary feeds
vitamins and minerals and salts
246
stage 3 of beef cows yearly cycle duration
day 205- 315
110days
from weaning to just before 2nd calvin
247
protein of stage 3 of beef cows yearly cycle
100%
248
energy of stage 3 of beef cows yearly cycle
maintenance
249
Types of feed of stage 3 of beef cows yearly cycle
pasture, corn stubble, protein supplements
250
protein supplements
urea
sunflower
alfalfa
251
concentrates for stage 3 of beef cows yearly cycle
decrease to prevent over feeding and calving difficulty
252
stage 4 of beef cows yearly cycle duration
day 315-360
50days
253
stage 4 of beef cows yearly cycle energy
maintenance +40 -50%
254
stage 4 of beef cows yearly cycle protein
119%
