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Kines > cartilage and osteoarthritis > Flashcards

cartilage and osteoarthritis Flashcards

1
Q

what are some features of cartilage?

A

avascular, aneural, tissue with a low metabolic rate

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2
Q

does cartilage heal quickly or slowly?

A

slowly because avascular

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3
Q

what is cartilage designed to withstand?

A

rigorous loading without failure, to distribute loads, and to provide a low friction surface

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4
Q

what is articular cartilage made of?

A

zones

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5
Q

what does the tide mark mark?

A

the break between subchondral bone and calcified cartilage

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6
Q

what happens with aging in articular cartilage?

A

we wear away cartilage from the top down so more subchondral bone will be laid down as we age

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7
Q

what is the most unique AC material property as it relates to its mechanical beahvior?

A

fluid component

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8
Q

water content __________ and PG content _______ with increased depth of tissue

A

decreases, increases

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9
Q

why is it that the deeper we go in articular cartilage there is less water content?

A

because the pore size is smaller deeper

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10
Q

is water compressable?

A

no it squishes out

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11
Q

what is the solid component of articular cartilage?

A

porous, permeable matrix primarily of type 2 collagen and PG with an extremely low permeability coefficient (k)

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12
Q

what is the significance of split lines with tensions?

A

surgeons use them so they can suture in certain directions to avoid scaring

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13
Q

what materials display the same mechanical behavior despite the direction of forces?

A

isotropic (homogenous) ex) steel

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14
Q

T/F material properties of articular cartilage differ with direction of motion?

A

True

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15
Q

the solid component of articular cartilage is considered a _________ tissue?

A

anisotropic

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16
Q

T/F, joint mobs/non thrust manipulations do lengthen adaptively shortened tissue

A

False

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17
Q

the superficial fibers of AC are aligned _____ and the deeper fibers are aligned more ____

A

horizontally, vertical

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18
Q

AC visco-elastic mechanical behavior;
- Stress is developed in ____ - ___ solid matrix
- frictional drag is generated by ____ ___ flow
- greater PG concentraion = _____ elastic response/rupture strength
- aging ____ degree of PG aggregation

A

collagen-PG
interstitial fluid
increased
reduces

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19
Q

rate of creep is an indicator of tissue ______?

A

permeability

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20
Q

______ pores result in ______ Permeability and high friction to flow

A

small, low

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21
Q

what further reduces pore size?

A

compression

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22
Q

a low rate of creep = a low ______?

A

permeability

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23
Q

what is ideal mechanical behavior

A

we want high friction flow, low permeability, small pores, decreased creep rate

24
Q

aging: ______ aggregation, _______ GAG content, and ______ chains

A

decreased, decreased, shorter

25
Q

structural modifications may be linked to changes in what?

A

chondrocyte synthetic function

26
Q

during a biphasic creep response in compression a rapid initial exudation of fluid comes from?

A

articular surface

27
Q

what creates creep in a biphasic creep response in compression?

A

external compressive load

28
Q

what is creep resisted by in a biphasic creep response in compression?

A

stress developed in collagen PG solid matrix and frictional drag

29
Q

in a biphasic creep response in compression continued slower exudation until deformation equilibrium reached. external compressive load ultimately ______ stress developed in collagen-PG solid matrix alone

A

equals

30
Q

what does the friction coefficient deal with?

A

shear force, compression decreases shear force

31
Q

what does permeability coefficient go up with?

A

poor sizes

32
Q

does a low or high permeability coefficient take longer to reach equilibrium?

A

low

33
Q

during the biphasic stress-relaxation response stress is increased until what?

A

a given deformation is reached and then deformation/strain maintained

34
Q

during the biphasic stress-relaxation response stress decreases under constant strain until what?

A

equilibrium stress is reached

35
Q

in the biphasic stress-relaxation response what is fluid redistribution responsible for?

A

tissue stress relaxation

36
Q

in the biphasic stress-relaxation response what does rapid redistribution of load throughout tissue reduce?

A

peak stresses and thus contributes to articular cartilage’s resilience

37
Q

we load tissues until deformation but stress decreases with time because why?

A

bc of fluid redistribution

38
Q

what re the 2 types of AC lubrication systems?

A

boundary and fluid

39
Q

what is the boundary AC lubrication system?

A

each load bearing surface is coated with lubrication (diarthrodial joints)= 2 surfaces do not touch one another

40
Q

when is the boundary AC lubrication system most effective?

A

at low loads

41
Q

what is the fluid AC lubrication system?

A

a film of fluid interposed between 2 joint surfaces

42
Q

what are examples of fluid AC lubrication systems?

A

hydrostatic, hydrodynamic, squeeze film, and elastohydrodynamic

43
Q

what are the three aberrant lubrication systems?

A

adhesive wear, abrasive wear, and fatigue wear

44
Q

what is adhesive wear?

A

osteochondritis dessicans
complete or incomplete separation of a portion of cartilage and bone
like post it notes

45
Q

what is abrasive wear?

A

joint mouse irritation
like a stone in a shoe- annoyance

46
Q

what is fatigue wear?

A

PG washout, aging, DJD

47
Q

loss of PG matrix is caused by

A

prolonged immobilization, some anti-inflammatory drugs, trauma/sx, infection and/or as a normal component of aging

48
Q

T/F loss of PG matrix is permanent?

A

False it may be reversible dependent upon degree and duration

49
Q

what do NSAIDs do to PG content?

A

decrease it

50
Q

what occurs in the early stages of development of osteoarthritis?

A

fraying of collagen bundles in superficial layer

51
Q

why do we normally see rapid progression once fraying has begun in the development of osteoarthritis?

A

due to fiber orientation (the deeper layers are perpendicular so easier to knock down)

52
Q

T/F shear force is not optimal once you get rid of the superficial layer?

A

true

53
Q

what is chondromalacia?

A

softening of cartilage

54
Q

what layers does tissue degeneration in chondromalacia appear to begin in?

A

3 and 4

55
Q

T/F it is easy to to visualize tissue degeneration in chondromalacia early on?

A

no because it doesnt appear until layers 3 and 4. generally determined by palpation

Kines (20 decks)

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