Cartilage Bones Joints

Question 1

Most common cartilage?

Answer 1

Hyaline

Question 2

Where do you find hyaline cartilage?

Answer 2

ribs, articular surfaces, trachea

Question 3

describe hyaline cartilage

Answer 3

stiff, flexible, compression resistant

Question 4

Cartilage separated by?

Answer 4

extracellular matrix

Question 5

hyaline ECM contains4 things:

Answer 5

1. collagen II
2. aggrecans
3. hyaluronic acid
4. chondronectin

Question 6

What is elastic cartilage?

Answer 6

hyaline + more elastin

Question 7

where is elastic cartilage?

Answer 7

ear, epiglottis, larynx

Question 8

fibrocartilage what kind of collagen?

Answer 8

type 1

Question 9

fibrocartilage histology?

Answer 9

dense CT with islands of cartilage

Question 10

where find fibrocartilage?

Answer 10

meniscus and intervertebral discs

Question 11

any perichondrium in fibrocartilage?

Answer 11

Nope.

Question 12

annulus fibrosis made of?

Answer 12

fibrocartilage

Question 13

nucleus pulposus is collagen type?

Answer 13

II

replaced by fibrocartilage by age 20

Question 14

where are Haversion systems?

Answer 14

compact bone

Question 15

trabecular bone made of?

Answer 15

lamellae

continuous spaces

Question 16

trabecular bone full of? 2 things

Answer 16

marrow and blood vessels

Question 17

how do osteocytes get their nutrients?

Answer 17

in contact with marrow cavity through their processes (canaliculi)

Question 18

What is in the medullary cavity?

Answer 18

yellow or red marrow

Question 19

what is red vs. yellow marrow?

Answer 19

red: haemopoeitic (earlier in life)
yellow: fat cells (later in life)

Question 20

yellow marrow useless?

Answer 20

Nope. preserves some haemopoietic cells and activate if necessary.

Question 21

blood vessels in medullary cavity have what instead of capillaries?

Answer 21

sinusoids

Question 22

bones covered with thin layer of CT inside and out called?

Answer 22

Periosteum

Endosteum

Question 23

Periosteum contains 2 layers what are in it?

Answer 23

Outer: fibroblasts, vessles, collagen
Inner: osoteoprogenitors

Question 24

endosteum contains?

Answer 24

osteoprogenitor cells for repair

Question 25

where on the bone is there no periosteum or endosteum?

Answer 25

tendon or ligament anchors/attachments

Question 26

what are Sharpey's fibres?

Answer 26

collagen fibres from tendons and ligaments penetrating bone surface

Question 27

arteries of bone supply?

Answer 27

discrete points | diaphysis, epiphysis, periosteum separately

Question 28

which nervous system supplies bone? what do they follow?

Answer 28

sympathetic nervous system, follows blood vessels

Question 29

joint surface have what? describe

Answer 29

hyaline cartilage | slippery, smooth, compression resistant

Question 30

joint surface have periochondrium? consequences?

Answer 30

Nope. not supported by nutrients

Question 31

synovial fluid purpose?

Answer 31

lubrication | nutrients for hyaline cartilage

Question 32

joints are lined by what?

Answer 32

synovial membrane, NOT epithelium

Question 33

synovial membrane lacks what 3 things? so what?

Answer 33

1. basement membrane 2. tight junctions 3. desmosomes therefore leaky

Question 34

synovial fluid originates?

Answer 34

deep to synovial membrane

Question 35

bone is inert?

Answer 35

dynamic tissue

Question 36

what is an osteon?

Answer 36

Haversion system

Question 37

3 cells that make/maintain bone?

Answer 37

osteoprogenitor osteoblast osteocyte

Question 38

osteoprogenitor shape? where is it? renewed how?

Answer 38

flat endosteum and periosteum resting normally, renewed from bone marrow stem cells

Question 39

osteoblast makes what?

Answer 39

osteoid to allow for hydroxy appetite deposition

Question 40

osteoid is collagen type?

Answer 40

Type I

Question 41

measure what in blood to see bone building activity?

Answer 41

alkaline phosphatase

Question 42

inactive osteoblasts look?

Answer 42

flattened

Question 43

purpose of osteocyte? where is it?

Answer 43

maintains bones can destroy local bone to free Ca2+ entombed by bone

Question 44

Descrobe osteoclasts? purpose?

Answer 44

Giant multinuclear cells | Remodel Bone

Question 45

osteoclasts secrete?

Answer 45

``` HCl (bone) and proteases (collagen ```

Question 46

what is marker of osteoclast activity?

Answer 46

tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase

Question 47

osteoclasts origin related to?

Answer 47

granulocytes/macrophages

Question 48

osteoclasts stick around?

Answer 48

apoptose when not needed

Question 49

PTH and calcitonin on osteoclasts ?

Answer 49

PTH increases | calcitonin decreases osteoclasts

Question 50

bone during development laid down as either:

Answer 50

membrane bone | endochondral bone

Question 51

membrane bone forms how? which structures?

Answer 51

directly from mesenchyme (skull, flat bones, mandible, clavicles)

Question 52

endochondral bone works how?

Answer 52

cartilage model then it is destroyed and replaced by bone (not calcified cartilage)

Question 53

how does bone replace cartilage in development?

Answer 53

bone collar around diaphysis | blood vessels invade and bring bone progenitors

Question 54

growth plate fuse when?

Answer 54

21-22 yr old

Question 55

5 layers of growth plate?

Answer 55

``` R esting zone (hyaline) P roliferation (chondrocytes) M aturation (chondrocytes) H ypertrophic (dying chondros) O ssification zone ```

Question 56

5 layers of growth plate mnemonic

Answer 56

Real People Make Happy Occasions

Question 57

what is woven bone?

Answer 57

new bone during repair or development

Question 58

describe woven bone

Answer 58

cellular collagen No Haversian system

Question 59

woven bone lasts?

Answer 59

remodelled by osteoclasts and blasts

Question 60

how does remodelling work?

Answer 60

osteoclasts make new cavities, vessels and endosteum invade and new bone!