Malaria

Question 1

What kind of infection is malaria?

Answer 1

blood infection

Question 2

malaria person-to-person?

Answer 2

Nope

Question 3

2 main type os malaria?

Answer 3

P. Falciparum

P. vivax

Question 4

Malaria affects who the most?

Answer 4

young children

pregnant women

Question 5

insecticides effective in malaria?

Answer 5

resistance is increasing

Question 6

majority of malaria caused by which plasmodium?

Answer 6

P. falciparum

Question 7

Which plasmodium can be dormant in liver stage?

Answer 7

P. vivax

Question 8

what’s special about P. knowlesi?

Answer 8

can be zoonotic infection and severe

Question 9

Malaria normally cross-species? exception?

Answer 9

Not usually. except P. knowlesi

Question 10

female or male mosquitos transmit?

Answer 10

female

Question 11

immune response against what stage of infection?

Answer 11

blood stages

Question 12

severe malaria affects?

Answer 12

1. cerebral: coma, convulsions
2. Anaemia: Respiratory distress/metabolic acidosis
3. hypoglycaemia, kidney failure, clotting

Question 13

how to treat mild malaria?

Answer 13

anti-malarial short course:

Aremisinin combo therapy (ACT)

Question 14

How to treat severe malaria?

Answer 14

Intravenous anti-malarials 7-10 days

Aretemisinin/quinine

Question 15

3 big things that happen in blood of malaria infection to cause severe illness?

Answer 15

1. parasites
2. inflammatory responses
3. RBC destruction

Question 16

3 kinds of malarial immunity

Answer 16

1. prevent severe malaria
2. prevent any malaria
3. prevent malaria in pregnancy

Question 17

main parasite factors that influence slow immunity development?

Answer 17

antigenic diversity
antigenic variation
5000 genes

Question 18

main host factors that influence slow immunity development?

Answer 18

1. inadequate response (children)
2. in-functional response
3. no immunity memory

Question 19

what does it mean that plasmodium has +++ antigenic variation?

Answer 19

chronic and recurrent infections

Question 20

3 genetic malarial resistance factors?

Answer 20

1. sickle cell trait
2. alpha thalassemia
3. blood groups

Question 21

Immune response to:
Sporozoites:
Infected hepatocytes
Merozoites:
Infected RBCs:

Answer 21

Sporozoites: Ab + T-cells
Infected hepatocytes: T-cells (CD8+)
Merozoites: Ab
Infected RBCs:Ab + T-cells

Question 22

antibodies effective in liver stage?

Answer 22

nope

Question 23

Why is immunity to liver stage limited?

Answer 23

low parasite load

short infection duration

Question 24

4 cell-mediated responses involved in blood stage malarial protection:

Answer 24

1. RBCs have no MHC
2. CD4+ T-cells
3. splenic clearance
4. IFN-y

Question 25

too much what in severe malaria?

Answer 25

TNF-a and pro inflammatory cytokine

Question 26

antibodies to merozoites work how?

Answer 26

inhibit RBC invasion

Question 27

how does antibodies to RBCs work?

Answer 27

opsonize for phagocytosis as parasite antigens expressed on RBC surface

Question 28

how do you get a wrong immune response in malaria?

Answer 28

antibodies to liver stage of P. falciparum

Question 29

2 approaches for malaria vaccine:

Answer 29

1. Abs to sporozoites | 2. Abs to mrozoites

Question 30

RTS,S vaccine works how?

Answer 30

sporozoite segment coupled with virus-like particple with Hep B surface antigen and adjuvants.

Question 31

How long does RTS,S vaccine last?

Answer 31

2 years

Question 32

future of malaria vaccine focus on?

Answer 32

merozoite antigens

Question 33

any vaccines for P. vivax?

Answer 33

Nope. only P falciparum

Question 34

what does vaccines do for developing country economy?

Answer 34

Boosts it