Case Study

Question 1

What had been the accepted principles of who owned land in Wales since Norman times

Answer 1

Welsh lords owned land but had to acknowledge the king as the overlord

Question 2

What was the name of the kingdom within what is now North Wales

Answer 2

Gwynedd

Question 3

What about Gwynedd made it a natural stronghold for the a Welsh against English kings

Answer 3

• Welsh natural borderlands provided a buffer zone to the east
• deep river Conwy acted as a moat
• large fertile land of Anglesey was isolated from the mainland by Menai Strait

Question 4

Name of the person who had become the powerful prince of Gwynedd

Answer 4

Llewelyn ap Griffiths

Question 5

How had Llewelyn interfered in English politics before 1272

Answer 5

• Treaty of Montgomery (1267) -> recognised Llewelyn as the Prince of Wales
• also helped Simon de Montford

Question 6

How did Llewelyn cause problems for Edward when Edward first became king

Answer 6

Refused to pay homage to+ pay Edward

Question 7

In what year did Edward first enter Wales to force the Welsh to submit to his authority

Answer 7

1277

Question 8

What was the population of 13th century Wales

Answer 8

300,000

Question 9

What was the population of 13th century England

Answer 9

4 million

Question 10

Which was the larger and wealthier country

Answer 10

England

Question 11

Name 2 ways the English army were better resourced than the Welsh

Answer 11

More money + soldiers

Question 12

What tactic did the Welsh use to compensate for the strength of the English army

Answer 12

Used the rugged countryside to escape the English

Question 13

From what directions did Edward’s forces attack the Welsh

Answer 13

• one group came on ship to Anglesey
• one group came from south on mainland
• one group came from east on mainland

Question 14

What was the action Edward to took that made the a Welsh struggle during the winter of 1277

Answer 14

Destroyed the crops in Anglesey which were a main food source

Question 15

When did Llewelyn surrender

Answer 15

Nov 1277

Question 16

What was the treaty of surrender and what it meant

Answer 16

Treaty of Aberconwy -> had to pay homage to Edward + give up most of his land

Question 17

What land was Llelweltn allowed to keep

Answer 17

West Gwynedd

Question 18

Who was given the rest of the kingdom and why

Answer 18

His brother Dafydd for his loyalty to Edward

Question 19

Why was there a 2nd Welsh war and who led the Welsh

Answer 19

Due to harsh treatment from English officials
-> led by Llewelyn and Dafydd

Question 20

Give evidence of how Edward was ruthless with the Welsh leaders at the end of the 2nd campaign

Answer 20

Llewelyn was hung + Dafydd was hung drawn and quartered then their heads were paraded and displayed in the Tower of London

Question 21

What was the collective term given to the castles built in North Wales

Answer 21

Ring of iron

Question 22

What was significant about the specific siting of these castles

Answer 22

In places associated with Llewelyn

Question 23

How much did Edward spend on castles over the next 12 years

Answer 23

£80,000

Question 24

Where were these castles built and who was the architect

Answer 24

Conway, Caernarvon, Beaumaris
James of St George

Question 25

Name 5 key defensive features of the castles

Answer 25

- moats - turrets - tall + big enough (concentric castles) to keep a permanent garrison - stone - arrow loop - ramparts - sea access

Question 26

What engineering project did Edward order at Rhuddlan and why

Answer 26

Rerouted the river closer to the castle to stagger attacks + make supplies more accessible

Question 27

Give an argument that the Welsh could’ve never overcome the castles

Answer 27

Didn’t have siege engines

Question 28

Give examples of the symbolic importance of Edwards castles in North Wales

Answer 28

- his power + the overlord of Wales - places associated with Llewelyn -> Conwy where he had a great hall and Caernarfon which was the centre of Gwynedd and symbolic of his ancestral home - had striped walls in Caernarvon like Constinople (associated himself with an emperor) - remodelled areas of England (Chester)

Question 29

Name 2 practical problems with the castles

Answer 29

- couldn’t hold that many people

Question 30

Name 2 causes of the Welsh rebellion of 1294-5

Answer 30

- English demand for more taxation in 1293 - the expectation the Welsh would produce troops to fight in France

Question 31

Who led the rebellion of 1294-5

Answer 31

Madog ap Llewelyn

Question 32

Evidence of Welsh success in the rebellion of 1294-5

Answer 32

Managed to overrun the defences of Caernarvon + kill royal officials

Question 33

Give evidence of Welsh failures/English success in the rebellion of 1294-5

Answer 33

Castles in Harlech + Conwy remained secure and easily supplied

Question 34

How did the events of 1294-5 rebellion the true intention for the role of castles in Wales

Answer 34

Checkpoints Safe spaces Places to move

Question 35

What was the last of Edward castles built after the rebellion

Answer 35

Beaumaris

Question 36

Name given to the fortified towns

Answer 36

Bastide

Question 37

Who was allowed to live in the towns

Answer 37

The English

Question 38

Who helped Edward find English colonists to move to Wales

Answer 38

Sheriffs of English counties bordering Wales

Question 39

What incentives were offered to English people to move there

Answer 39

- Giving them land that would be rent free for at least 3 years - the right to graze on common land (Settlers in Caernarvon were given almost 1500 acres total)

Question 40

From which other place had Edward got the idea of fortified towns

Answer 40

Gascony where Edward was Duke

Question 41

What English towns were inspiration for Welsh towns

Answer 41

Chester - Flint Bristol - Aberystwyth

Question 42

In which locations did Edward start building towns

Answer 42

Flint and Aberystwyth

Question 43

Which towns were the second group built

Answer 43

Caernarvon, Conwy and Harlech

Question 44

What was done to ensure trade developed well in the towns in Wales

Answer 44

- invited English merchants to live there - Welsh weren’t allowed to trade outside of towns

Question 45

Why did Edward abandon his dads site at Deganwy for Conwy

Answer 45

Had more space for growth and better access to water

Question 46

In the new towns, who became the mayor

Answer 46

The constable of the castle

Question 47

What was the responsibility of the colonists who lived in the towns

Answer 47

Help defend the town on ramparts and make sure the castles were supplied

Question 48

What evidence is there for towns prospering

Answer 48

Were all expanding beyond their walls

Question 49

How did Edward deal with the population of Anglesey after 1294-5 rebellion

Answer 49

Moved them to the other side of the island

Question 50

Name 5 ways the towns were important to Edward by the end of his reign

Answer 50

- part of the military settlement of Wales (connected to the castles) - money -> trade + tax - provided a permanent English population - provided administrative castles - a way of anglicising Wales

Question 51

Name 3 towns intended to provide the administrative centres for royal control and lasting English colonisation

Answer 51

- flint - Conwy - Caernarvon

Question 52

How did the English colonists expand their dominance of the Welsh economy outside the towns

Answer 52

- bought mills and fisheries -> taking over Wales (anglicising) - bought more land

Question 53

What law brought Wales under the English legal system

Answer 53

Statute of Rhuddlan (1284)

Question 54

What English legal roles and institutions were introduced to Wales

Answer 54

- justiciar Made in charge of courts - sheriffs - hue and cry - county/hundred courts introduced

Question 55

Name 2 ways Statute of Rhuddlan established the dominance of English rather than Welsh legal traditions

Answer 55

- English criminal law used - made going against the monarch a serious offence - got rid of compensation for murder

Question 56

Name 2 ways it recognised Welsh traditions

Answer 56

- retained the Welsh custom of dividing inheritances between male heirs - Welsh law was used for dispute over property

Question 57

Why did Edward feel he was entitled to replace the major Welsh lords

Answer 57

Ever since the Norman conquest they were made to pay homage but they rebelled

Question 58

Who did Edward replace the old ruling families of Wales with

Answer 58

The middle ranks of society -> would be thankful and devoted to Edward whilst the top ranks lost power

Question 59

Why was replacing the old ruling families with middle rank families a smart move

Answer 59

Welsh people were more likely to be tolerant to Welsh leaders rather than if he replaced them with English men

Question 60

What were the job titles of some of the other English people who helped Edward govern Wales

Answer 60

Justiciar Chamberlain

Question 61

Who was the new Archbishop of Canterbury

Answer 61

John Peckham (appointed in 1279)

Question 62

What was Peckhams opinion of the Welsh

Answer 62

Lazy people who followed ancient and unchristian customs

Question 63

What did Peckham demand of Edward in Nov 1284

Answer 63

That he pay £1730 to repair Welsh castles that were damaged

Question 64

How did the archbishop support Edward

Answer 64

- encourages and supports building of towns - supports bringing English settlers to anglicise the Welsh - sends in Friars to educate Welsh - monitored the Welsh church and replaced any members of the clergy who didn’t follow what Edward wanted

Question 65

How the Bishop Anian of Bangor help Edward and the Archbishop

Answer 65

Where there were Welsh who didn’t want to surrender he helped make negotiations

Question 66

What happened to the Welsh speaking monks if Talley in 1284

Answer 66

Expelled to make way for English Christians

Question 67

Name a Welsh cathedral that was rebuilt

Answer 67

St Asaph Cathedral