Catch Up (WTFs)

Question 1

Mirizzi syndrome

Answer 1

Mirizzi syndrome is defined as common hepatic duct obstruction caused by extrinsic compression from an impacted stone in the cystic duct or infundibulum of the gallbladder.

Question 2

Caroli disease

Answer 2

Caroli’s disease is a rare congenital disease of the liver characterized by cystic dilation of the intrahepatic bile duct. Classic Caroli’s disease involves malformations of the biliary tract alone, whereas Caroli’s syndrome refers to the presence of associated congenital hepatic fibrosis.

Question 3

Budd-Chiari syndrome

Answer 3

Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS) is an uncommon disorder characterized by obstruction of hepatic venous outflow. The obstruction may be thrombotic or non-thrombotic anywhere along the venous course from the hepatic venules to junction of the inferior vena cava (IVC) to the right atrium.

Question 4

Couinaud Syndrome

Question 5

Goiter

Answer 5

A goiter is used to describe any enlarged thyroid gland

Question 6

Superficial thrombophlebitis

Answer 6

Superficial thrombophlebitis is an inflammation of a vein just below the surface of the skin, which results from a blood clot.

Question 7

Ascending cholangitis

Answer 7

Acute cholangitis, also known as ascending cholangitis, is a life-threatening condition caused by an ascending bacterial infection of the biliary tree. Choledocholithiasis is the most common cause.

Question 8

Focal nodular hyperplasia

Answer 8

Focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH) is a benign liver lesion that is composed of a proliferation of hyperplastic hepatocytes surrounding a central stellate scar

Question 9

Klatskin tumour

Answer 9

Extrahepatic bile duct cancer.

Cancer that forms in the area where the left and right hepatic ducts join just outside the liver and form the common hepatic duct.

Question 10

Porcelain gallbladder

Answer 10

Porcelain gallbladder refers to the condition in which the inner gallbladder wall is encrusted with calcium. The wall becomes brittle, hard, and often takes on a bluish hue. Other names for this condition are calcified gallbladder, calcifying cholecystitis, and cholecystopathia chronica calcarea.

Question 11

Emphysematous cholecystitis

Answer 11

A fulminant variety of acute cholecystitis that differs in its pathology and epidemiology from cholecystitis induced by gallstones. The characteristic feature of this sinister variant of cholecystitis is the presence of gas in the lumen and wall of the gallbladder.

Question 12

Gallbladder hydrops

Answer 12

When the gallbladder is distended with mucus, water, or clear liquid content instead of bile

Question 13

WES sign

Answer 13

Wall, echo, shadow

Question 14

Parallel channeling

Answer 14

The sonographic parallel-channel sign is not pathognomonic of dilatation of the biliary tree. Often, the so-called parallel channel is a hepatic artery. The differentiation between a bile duct and a hepatic artery is usually possible with good sonographic technique.

Question 15

Ascariasis

Answer 15

A type of roundworm infection.

Question 16

Tumefactive sludge

Answer 16

Tumefactive sludge refers to a non-mobile polypoid mass in the gallbladder that does not move despite positional change of the patient.

Question 17

Strawberry gallbladder

Answer 17

Doctors may also call diffuse cholesterolosis “strawberry gallbladder.” The name comes from the stippled appearance of the tissue that resembles a strawberry when examined with the naked eye. Both forms typically do not cause symptoms.

Question 18

Mittelschmerz

Answer 18

Mittelschmerz—or ovulation pain, as it is commonly known today—is a benign preovulatory lower abdominal pain that occurs midcycle (between days 7 and 24) in women

Question 19

Glomerulonephritis

Answer 19

Glomerulonephritis is inflammation and damage to the filtering part of the kidneys (glomerulus). It can come on quickly or over a longer period of time. Toxins, metabolic wastes and excess fluid are not properly filtered into the urine. Instead, they build up in the body causing swelling and fatigue.

Question 20

Cake kidney

Question 21

Meckel’s diverticulum

Answer 21

Meckel’s diverticulum is a small outpouching extending from the wall of the intestine and located in the lower portion of the small intestine. The pouch is a remnant of tissue from the embryonic development of the digestive system.

Question 22

Renal sinus lipomatosis

Answer 22

Renal sinus lipomatosis results from renal parenchymal atrophy, inflammation, calculous disease, aging 1, or exogenous or endogenous steroids.

Question 23

Fetal lobulation (in the kidneys)

Answer 23

An uncommon condition that causes the surface of the kidney to appear as several lobules instead of smooth, flat and continuous

Question 24

Cystic lymphangiomatosis

Answer 24

Cystic hygroma or lymphangioma, which is generally congenital, can occur in any part of the body, but most commonly occurs in the head and neck region [4]. Cystic lymphangiomas consist of large macrocystic lymphatic channels with protein-rich fluid.

Question 25

Polycythemia vera vs. Sickle Cell Anemia

Question 26

Cystic fibrosis (panc)

Answer 26

the small tubes that transport these enzymes out of the pancreas become blocked with mucus. The enzymes build up in the pancreas instead of reaching the digestive system (specifically, the lumen of the gut), causing the pancreas to become inflamed.

Question 27

Ulcerative Colitis

Answer 27

a chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in which abnormal reactions of the immune system cause inflammation and ulcers on the inner lining of your large intestine

Question 28

Clonorchiasis

Answer 28

Clonorchiasis, or Chinese liver fluke disease, is a foodborne trematodiase infection caused by trematode worms (also called flukes). It is caused by infection with Clonorchis sinensis.

Question 29

Schistosomiasis

Answer 29

an acute and chronic parasitic disease caused by blood flukes (trematode worms) of the genus Schistosoma

Question 30

Bouveret Sign

Answer 30

The presentation of Bouveret syndrome is typically non-specific and often with waxing and waning symptoms of nausea and vomiting (present in 85% of patients), abdominal distension, and pain (present in 70% of patients) due to the varying locations of the gallstone.

Question 31

Courvoisier sign

Answer 31

It means that you have jaundice and a gallbladder that is enlarged but is not painful. Your doctor can feel an enlarged gallbladder when they examine you.

Question 32

Types of aneurysm (ectatic, pseudo, dissecting, regular)

Question 33

Cellulitis

Question 34

Nutcracker syndrome

Answer 34

Nutcracker syndrome is a rare vein compression disorder. It occurs when arteries, most often the abdomen’s aorta and superior mesenteric artery, squeeze the left renal (kidney) vein. It can cause many symptoms in both children and adults, such as flank pain and blood in the urine.