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Generalist Exam Studying > Placenta and Umbilical Cord > Flashcards

Placenta and Umbilical Cord Flashcards

1
Q

Basal plate vs chorionic plate?

A

Basal plate - maternal surface of placenta
Chorionic plate - fetal surface of placenta

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2
Q

Circumvallate placenta

A

Chorionic plate is smaller than the basal place of the placenta

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3
Q

Placenta accreta

A

Growth of chorionic villi penetrate the decidua but do not invade the myometrium - this is an abnormal placenta attachment to the myometrium that DOES NOT separate after delivery

(grows a tiny bit into uterine wall) - least invasive

Numerous placental lakes

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4
Q

Placenta increta

A

Growth of the chorionic villi deep into the myometrium

(grows into the uterine muscle)

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5
Q

Placenta percreta

A

Growth of the chorionic villi through the myometrium and serosa

(goes all the way through the uterine wall/muscle, and sometimes invades other organs)

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6
Q

What cells does the placenta develop from?

A

Trophoblastic cells that make up the chorion

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7
Q

What are the functions of the placenta?

A

Respiration, nutrition, excretion, protection, storage, hormone production

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8
Q

What can cause premature maturation of the placenta?

A

Maternal hypertension, cigarettes, IUGR, and multigestaton

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9
Q

Delayed maturation of associated with which maternal condition?

A

Maternal diabetes mellitus

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10
Q

What grade of placenta is m/c up to 34 wks?

A

Stage 1

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11
Q

Grade 3 placentas typically appear in which week of GA?

A

34 wks and after

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12
Q

What is the primary cause of painless bleeding in 3rd trimester?

A

Placenta previa

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13
Q

What is a low-lying placenta?

A

A placenta within 2cm of the internal os, but does not cover the os

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14
Q

What is vasa previa?

A

When fetal vessels cross over the internal os

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15
Q

How large does the placenta measure in both second and third trimester?

A

Typically 2-3 cm in greatest thickness
Maximum thickness SHOULD NOT be above 4.0cm in SECOND trimester
6.0cm in THIRD trimester

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16
Q

Circumvallate placenta

A

Appears as irregular edges, uplifted margins, or placental sheets - can increase risk for abruption, IUGR, premature labor, and bleeding

Will show as a ‘rolled up’ edge, thick placental cord insertion

17
Q

What is the appearance of a placental infarct?

A

Hypoechoic focal placental mass, calcification may occur - may be mistaken for placental lake
Occurs in a 1/4 of pregnancies, no clinical risk when SMALL

18
Q

Placental lakes are insignificant unless they are found at which trimester of the pregnancy?

A

1st trimester

19
Q

Placentomalacia

A

Small placenta, less than 1.5cm AP, associated w/:
- eccentric cord insertion
- IUGR
- intrauterine infection
- chromosomal abnormality
- maternal diabetes

20
Q

What is placentomegaly associated with? What is its size?

A
  • maternal anemia
  • fetal hydrops
  • TTTS
  • fetal anomalies
  • uterine infection

> 4.0cm before 24 weeks
6.0cm in third trimester

21
Q

Heterogenous placentomegaly is associated with which conditions?

A

Triploidy
Molar Pregnancy
Hemorrhage

het - HMT

22
Q

Homogenous placentomegaly is associated with which conditions?

A

Anemia, hydrops, and Rh sensitivity

homo- HAR

23
Q

If additional placenta tissue is seen adjacent to the main placenta, connected by blood vessels, what is this suggestive of?

A

Succenturiate placenta

24
Q

What is the most common benign tumor of the placenta?

A

Chorioangioma

25
Q

What is gestational trophoblastic disease?

A

Abnormal trophoblast cells grow inside the uterus after conception:
Molar pregnancy, Complete molar pregnancy may transform into choriocarcinoma, and partial mole pregnancy (little risk of malignancy)

26
Q

Umbilical veins carry what type of blood?

A

Oxygenated

27
Q

Umbilical arteries return what type of blood to placenta?

A

Venous (deoxygenated)

Show low-resistance blood flow w/continuous diastolic flow

28
Q

The umbilical vein joins which vessel in the fetal liver?

A

Left portal vein

29
Q

After 18 or 20 weeks, what type of flow is abnormal in the umbilical arteries?

A

Absent or reversal of diastolic flow

30
Q

What is the most common solid tumor of the umbilical cord, but is also rare?

A

Hemangioma

31
Q

In diabetic mothers, what condition arises primarily in the umbilical vein?

A

Thrombosis

32
Q

Velamentous cord insertion

A

Inserts into the membrane before entering the placenta

This cord is not protected by Wharton’s jelly

33
Q

A decrease in how many millimeters is at an increased risk for preterm labour?

A

Greater than or equal to 6 mm

Generalist Exam Studying (16 decks)

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