Catechol And Steroids Flashcards by Iseoluwa Ojo

Steroid hormones had been known to exist since the_____

-However, it was not until the early 1960s that the idea of ______ began to emerge.

early 20th century.

specific hormone-binding molecules in the target tissues of these hormones

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Analysis of the steroid hormone receptors had relied largely on____ techniques. It is only after the genes encoding these receptors were___, it became possible to carry out detailed studies on the various functional domains of receptors.

biochemical

cloned

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Testosterone:

This is an ___ogen,male sex hormone
synthesized in the ____
It is responsible for secondary male sex characteristics.

Estradiol:

an __ogen
principal female sex hormone
produced in the___
responsible for secondary female sex characteristics

andr

testes

estr

ovary

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Cortisol:

This ___corticoid is synthesized from____ in the ____ of the _____
It is involved in stress adaptation, elevation of blood pressure and Na+ uptake, numerous effects on the immune system

gluco

progesterone

zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex.

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Aldosterone:

the principal _____corticoid
produced from_____ in the____ of ____
raises blood pressure and fluid volume, increases Na+ uptake.

mineralo

progesterone

zona glomerulosa of adrenal cortex

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Progesterone:

It is produced directly from____ and secreted from the____
It is responsible for changes associated with___ phase of the____ cycle.
It is also involved in the differentiation of____

pregnenolone

corpus luteum.

luteal

menstrual

mammary glands

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Synthetic steroid hormones

Glucocorticoids
-___,____,____

Mineralocorticoid
-___

Androgens:
-___,____

prednisone,dexamethasone,triamcinolone

fludrocortisone

oxandrolone, nandrolone

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______ is also known as anabolic steroids

nandrolone

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Synthetic steroid hormones

Estrogens:
-_____(DES)

Progestins:
-___,____

diethylstilbestrol

norethindrone, medroxyprogesterone acetate

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Cellular Localization of Steroid Receptors

It is generally thought that unoccupied steroid receptors can exist in the____, while occupied receptors act in the____ on ____
When bound to hormone,____ receptors move into the_____

cytoplasm

nucleus on target DNA

cytoplasmic

nucleus

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CATECHOLAMINES

catecholamine is a ____amine neurotransmitter
an organic compound that has a____ ring and a____ amine

mono

catechol; side-chain

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Catechol is a____ with ______side groups next to each other

benzene

two hydroxyl

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Catechol can be either a___ molecule or a substituent of a___ molecule, where it represents a____ group.
-Catecholamines are derived from the amino acid____, which is derived from___ sources as well as synthesis from____

free

larger

1,2-dihydroxybenzene

tyrosine

dietary

phenylalanine

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-Catecholamines are water-insoluble

T/F

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Catecholamines are __% bound to____ in circulation.

plasma proteins

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Release of the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine from the_____ of the adrenal gland is part of the fight or flight response
-Tyrosine is created from_____ by____ reaction by the enzyme_____

adrenal medulla

phenylalanine

hydroxylation

phenylalanine hydroxylase

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Catecholamine-secreting cells use several reactions to convert tyrosine serially to____ and then to____

L-DOPA

dopamine

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amphetamines are catecholamine analogues.

T/F

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Structure of Catecholamines

Catecholamines have the distinct structure of a____ ring with_____ groups, an intermediate____, and a terminal___.
Phenylethanolamines such as norepinephrine have a____ group on the____ chain

benzene

two hydroxyl

ethyl chain

amine group

hydroxyl; ethyl

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In humans, catecholamines are derived from the amino acid___

L-phenylalanine.

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L-Phenylalanine is converted into _____by an___ amino acid hydroxylase (AAAH) enzyme (_____,found in large amounts in the____), with_____ and _____ as cofactors

L-tyrosine

aromatic

phenylalanine 4-hydroxylase

liver

molecular oxygen (O2) and tetrahydrobiopterin

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L-Tyrosine is converted into ____by another AAAH enzyme (_____) with___,___,____ as cofactors.

L-DOPA

tyrosine 3-hydroxylase

tetrahydrobiopterin , O2, and ferrous iron(Fe2+)

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L-DOPA is converted into___ by the enzyme aromatic L-amino acid____ (AADC) ,with___ as the cofactor.

dopamine

decarboxylase

pyridoxal phosphate

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Why is ___ hard to measure in the brain

And how do we eventually do it

This step occurs so rapidly that it is difficult to measure L-DOPA in the brain without first inhibiting AADC.

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Dopamine is converted into____ by the enzyme____, with___,_____,___ as cofactors.

norepinephrine dopamine beta-hydroxylase(DBH) O2, copper and L-ascorbic acid

Norepinephrine is converted into_____ by the enzyme_____ with_____ as the cofactor.

epinephrine phenylethanolamine N-methytransgerase (PNMT) S-adenosyl-L-methionine

rate limiting step in Catecholamines synthesis is the____

hydroxylation of tyrosine

Catecholamine synthesis is inhibited by____, which inhibits_____ enzyme

alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (AMPT) tyrosine hydroxylase

Insufficient amounts of phenylalanine hydroxylase result in_____, a metabolic disorder that leads to______ unless treated by____

phenylketonuria intellectual deficits dietary manipulation.

Location Of Catecholamines | -Catecholamines are produced mainly by the____ cells of the_____ and the____ fibers of the____ nervous system

chromaffin adrenal medulla postganglionic sympathetic

Dopamine, which acts as an____ In the CNS, is largely produced in neuronal cell bodies in two areas of the____: the____ and ____

NT brainstem VTA and the SN

SN contains___ -pigmented neurons.

neuromelanin

Locus coreolus also has neuromelanin neurons T/F And produces ____

T The similarly neuromelanin-pigmented cell bodies of the locus coeruleus produce norepinephrine

Epinephrine is produced in small groups of neurons in the human brain which express its synthesizing enzyme, PNMT, these neurons project from a nucleus that is adjacent (____) to the____ and from a nucleus in the____ region of the___ tract

ventrolateral area postrema dorsal solitary

Degradation - Catecholamines have a half-life of a____ when circulating in the blood. - They can be degraded either by____ by COMT or by____ by MAO. - MAOIs bind to___, thereby preventing it from breaking down catecholamines and other monoamines.

few minutes methylation deamination MAO

Catabolism of catecholamines is mediated by two main enzymes:COMT which is present in the____ and ___ of the cell and MAO which is located in the______ -Both enzymes above require cofactors: COMT uses____ as a cofactor while MAO uses___.

synaptic cleft and cytosol mitochondrial membrane. Mg2+; FAD

The next catabolic steps in the pathway (after Mao or Comt) involves ___,____,____ - The end product of epinephrine and norepinephrine is _____which is excreted in the urine. - Dopamine catabolism leads to the production of______

alcohol dehydrogenase,aldehyde dehydrogenase, and aldehyde reductase vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) homovanillic acid(HVA)

NE is a neuromodulator of both CNS and pns | T/F

High blood sugar levels can lead to stress which in turn leads to high Catecholamine levels T/F

F. | Low blood sugar level

Extremely high levels of catecholamines (also known as____) can occur in CNS trauma due to stimulation or damage of nuclei in the____, in particular, those nuclei affecting the ____nervous system In emergency medicine, this occurrence is widely known as a "_______".

catecholamine toxicity brainstem sympathetic catecholamine dump

Extremely high levels of catecholamine can also be caused by______ tumors in the______, a condition known as_____

neuroendocrine adrenal medulla pheochromocytoma

pheochromocytoma Treatable or not treatable?

Treatable

High levels of catecholamines can also be caused by MAO-A deficiency, known as —— MAO-A deficiency occurs in the absence of pheochromocytoma neuroendocrine tumors, and_____, but it looks similar to_____ with symptoms such as_____ and _____

Brunner syndrome. carcinoid syndrome carcinoid syndrome facial flushing and aggression.

Acute porphyria causes depressed catecholamine levels T/F

F Causes elevated levels

Effects Of Catecholamines - Some drugs, like____ raise the levels of all the catecholamines. - Increased catecholamines may also cause an increased respiratory rate (_____) in patients. - Catecholamine is secreted into___ after being broken down, and its secretion level can be measured for the diagnosis of illnesses associated with catecholamine levels in the body.

tolcapone tachypnoea urine

Tolcapone is a _____

central COMT-inhibitor

____testing for catecholamine is used to detect pheochromocytoma

Urine

MAO inhibitors: | -found in____,___,____

neural tissue, gut and liver

Antidepressants are MAO enhancers | T/F

Drugs that block the activation of beta receptors (beta blockers), such as___, are often given to patients with___,____, or chest pain (____). These drugs are contraindicated in patients with asthma because they_____

propranolol tachycardia high blood pressure angina pectoris worsen bronchial constriction.

Catecholamines play a key role in nutrient metabolism and the generation of body heat (thermogenesis). T/F

Catecholamines stimulate ___lysis and the breakdown of____.

glycogeno triglycerides

Catecholamines can regulate the secretion of multiple hormones. T/F

dopamine inhibits____ secretion norepinephrine stimulates ____hormone secretion epinephrine inhibits____ secretion

prolactin gonadotropin-releasing insulin

Parathyroids Location - ___ or ___ small round bodies on the posterior surface of the lateral lobe of the thyroid gland

4 or 5

Parathyroids Function: - secretes the ____ hormone that controls Blood ___ homeostasis - increases ___and____ absorption from the Intestines, Kidneys and Bones - increases _____ excretion [lowers blood phosphate levels]

Parathyroid Calcium Ca+2 and Mg+2 PO-3

Disorders of parathyroid activity Hypocalcemia - causes by ___secretion of PTH Hypercalcemia - causes by ___secretion of PTH

hypo hyper

Hypocalcemia can result in tetany | T/F

Over secretion of ___ , results in a fibrous bone disease [_____or also called ________Disease of the bone]

PTH osteitis fibrosa cystica Von Recklinghausen's

Glucocorticoids produced by cells of the Zona _____ Mineralocorticoids - produced by the cells of the Zona ____ Gonadocorticoids - produced by cells of the Zona _____

Fasciculata Glomerrulosa Reticularis

Glucocorticoids promotes protein and fat catabolism Mineralocorticoids: aldosterone causes Sodium, Potassium ,and water retention Glucocorticoids reduce blood pressure Aldosterone increases blood pressure T/F

T F F T

Glucocorticoids promotes vasoconstriction T/F

Mineralocorticoids promotes stress resistance through Anti-Inflammatory actions T/F

F It’s glucorticoid

Glucocorticoids aids gluconeogenesis T/F

F Aids glycogenolysis

Addison's Disease - caused by ___secretion of Cortical hormones - results in __reased blood potassium levels - results in ___reased sodium retention and dehydration - results in ___reased blood glucose levels - results in ___reased blood pressure - results in ___reased stress resistance - results ___reased risk of kidney failure

Hypo inc dec dec dec dec inc

Cushing's syndrome - causes by ___secretion of Cortical Hormones - results in shifts of the body __ to the__ and ____ - results in general body weakness

Hyper fat face and shoulders

Cushing’s syndrome results in altered carbohydrate & electrolyte metabolism T/F

Adrenogenital Syndrome -caused by ___secretion of____

Hyper Gonadotropins

Adrenogenital Syndrome results in premature sexual development in only males T/F

F Both males and females

Adrenogenital Syndrome results in masculinization of females T/F

Adrenal Medulla Hormones - | _____ and _____

Epinephrine & Norepinephrine

Effects of Adrenal Medulla Hormones are parasympathomimetic | T/F

F Sympathomimetic

Effects of Adrenal Medulla Hormones Increased respiratory rate and ___ of bronchioles

dilation

Pancreatic Hormones Insulin - secreted by the ___ Cells - promotes (lower or higher ?) blood glucose levels by: promoting glyco__

Beta Lower genesis

Insulin Inhibits protein synthesis T/F

Insulin Promotes lipogenesis T/F

Pancreatic hormone Glucagon - secreted by the ____ Cells - promotes (lower or higher?) blood glucose by: promoting glyco____

Alpha Higher genolysis

Oxytocin and vasopressin both consist of only ___-amino acid residues only.

Glycoprotein Hormones: They are conjugated protein where carbohydrate groups are ____,____,____etc.

mannose, galactose, fucose

Group 1 hormones possess relatively shorter half-lives (minutes or seconds) T/F

F possess relatively longer half-lives (hours or day)

Group 2 hormones possess short half-lives (in minutes). T/F

Primary endocrine organ failure can only be genetic | T/F

F Can be genetic or acquired

adrenal insufficiency can be due to _____ enzyme deficiency)

21-hydroxylase

Hashimoto's hyperthyroidism is an Autoimmune disease | T/F

F Hypo *

iodine deficiency leading to decreased _____ hormone synthesis

thyroid

hypothyroidism due to hypopituitarism is an example of ______

Secondary endocrine organ failure

Catechol And Steroids Flashcards

(86 cards)