Hormones Class 2!!!

Question 1

hormones can also act through phosphatidylinositol

T/F

Answer 1

T

Question 2

——— element is an important regulator of metabolic /cellular processes and also a second messenger

Answer 2

ionized calcium

Question 3

Calcium is more where?

ECF of ICf

Answer 3

ECF

Question 4

ICF Ca is kept in balance by constantly depositing it in___, or \__exchanger, or___ Atpases

Answer 4

SR

Na-Ca

Ca

Question 5

Na-Ca exchanger and Ca Atpases move calcium against or with conc gradient ?

Answer 5

Against

Question 6

calcium channels, when regulated by ——hormones allow influx of calcium

Answer 6

group 2

Question 7

calcium can be mobilized from____ or___ to____ ICF’s Ca

Answer 7

ER

SR

increase

Question 8

Ca can modulate plenty proteins through____

Answer 8

calmodulin

Question 9

calmodulin can bind up to____ calcium molecules

Answer 9

4

Question 10

when calcium is reduced, some proteins, enzymes or pumps are___ but when increased they are____, showing that some hormones____ on calcium

Answer 10

inactivated

activated

depend

Question 11

an example of calcium -dependent hormonal action is____ metabolism

Answer 11

phosphatidylinositol

Question 12

when hormones bind to GPCR(G__), coupled to_____ that breaks down___(PIP) into___ and___

Answer 12

q

phospholipase C

phosphatidylinositol triophosphate

IP3

DAG

Question 13

DAG can directly stimulate____ , and that can In turn____ many cellular proteins and convert them to_____( which can have infect on some enzymes)

Answer 13

protein kinase C(PKC)

phosphorylate

phosphoproteins

Question 14

IP3 can act on____; activating it to____ through ____associated with it eventually causing ____in ____levels.

——-released then binds to____ leading to____ complex that would activate——- ->____ of intracellular proteins and causing activation or inactivation

Answer 14

ER

release calcium

calcium channels

increase

cytosolic calcium

Calcium ;calmodulin; Ca-calmodulin; specific calmodulin kinases

phosphorylation

Question 15

a kinase carries out—— reactions

Answer 15

phosphorylation

Question 16

CALMODULIN

• induces conformational change leading to activation of proteins
• ____complex also modulate____,_____,___, ___Atpase etc

Answer 16

Ca-calmodulin

adenyl cyclase; phosphorylase kinase; NOS

Ca-Mg

Question 17

NOS is ——-

Answer 17

Nitric oxide synthase

Question 18

some hormones act through PKA, PKC, Ca-calmodulin complexes which phosphorylate____ and____ residues

Answer 18

Tyrosine

serine

Question 19

Ca-calmodulin complexes are____ kinases

Answer 19

single protein

Question 20

some tyrosine residues are phosphorylated through through ____activity of hormones leading to activation of receptors

Answer 20

tyrosine kinases

Question 21

——- and ——- receptors have intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity

Answer 21

EGF and Insulin

Question 22

phosphorylated Insulin receptors then activate____ or——

Answer 22

Insulin receptor substrates (IRS)

their own tyrosine residues

Question 23

phosphorylated IRS will bind to the______ and activate them causing a cascade of events until effect of___ is established(which is ———)

Answer 23

domains of other proteins

insulinn

increased intake of glucose into cell

Question 24

some hormones lack intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity

T/F

Answer 24

T

Question 25

some hormones lack intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity and act through_____ kinase (—-) and——-(——).

Answer 25

Janus activation; JAK Signal transducers and activators of transcription; STAT

Question 26

STAT proteins____ and—— Into—— , bind——- leading to—- of some proteins

Answer 26

dimerise; translocate; nucleus specific DNA elements transcription

Question 27

hormones regulate proteins only directly | T/F

Answer 27

F | Both directly and indirectly

Question 28

proteins can be regulated by controlling their synthesis | T/F

Answer 28

T

Question 29

JAK acts through activation of—— that then acts at____ level and affect_____

Answer 29

STAT transcription gene expression

Question 30

STAT and JAK can also be modified through post translational modification T/F

Answer 30

F. Only STAT

Question 31

enzymes can also be regulated by____ ——-( zymogen to active proteins

Answer 31

proteolytic cleavages

Question 32

Prolactin binds to____ receptor->activates___ proteins->_____ on receptor->activate—— proteins-> enter____ -> bind to elements in the dna coding for____->increased___ of—— gene->increased——

Answer 32

prolactin JAK phosphorylates tyrosine residues STAT nucleus casein transcription; casein; milk secretion

Question 33

NF-KB - An ——— complex - kept sequestered in—— In an—— form by some inhibitors (——-) - when there is____ and——, leads to—— of NF-KB -> NF-KB is____ to—— and binds to—— -> causes—— of——- responses

Answer 33

heterodimeric cytoplasm; inactive; IKB proinflammatory cytokines; ROS activation translocated; nucleus gene promoters; transcription; inflammatory

Question 34

KB stands for——- and is a——

Answer 34

kappaB transcription factor

Question 35

NF-KB can act as hormones | T/F

Answer 35

T

Question 36

Glucocorticoid hormones - have——— effect - eg—— - they—— NF-KB

Answer 36

anti-inflammatory cortisol inhibit

Question 37

Glucocorticoids are not therapeutically effective | T/F

Answer 37

F

Question 38

Glucocorticoid hormones are used to———- inflammation

Answer 38

treat or inverse the inflammation.

Question 39

———is an example of a glucocorticoid hormone and it prevents NF-KB from——-

Answer 39

hydrocortisone being translocated into the nucleus

Question 40

Mention 2 NF-KB subunits

Answer 40

p50 and p65

Question 41

Receptor tyrosine kinases ____ intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity within the receptor molecule. Tyrosine kinaseassociated receptors ______ intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity

Answer 41

have do not have

Question 42

In further contrast to peptide hormones, which act (slowly or quickly?) on their target cells (within _____), steroid hormones act (slowly or quickly?) (taking ______).

Answer 42

quickly; minutes slowly; hours

Question 43

Arterial blood is delivered to the hypothalamus via the _______ arteries, which distribute the blood in a capillary network in the ____, called the ______ that converge to form the ______ vessels, which travel down the _____ to deliver hypothalamic ____ blood to the ____ lobe of the pituitary.

Answer 43

superior hypophysial median eminence primary capillary plexuses long hypophysial portal infundibulum venous anterior

Question 44

A parallel capillary plexus forms from the _____ arteries in the____ portion of the infundibular stem of the hypothalamus. These capillaries converge to form the _____ vessels, which deliver blood to the anterior lobe of the pituitary.

Answer 44

inferior hypophysial lower short hypophysial portal

Question 45

Most of its blood supply of the pituitary gland is —— blood from the _____ , supplied by the long and short hypophysial portal vessels.

Answer 45

venous hypothalamus

Question 46

The cells of the anterior pituitary,, are the only cells in the body to receive high concentrations of the hypothalamic hormones. T/F

Answer 46

T

Question 47

Orgasm Opiods Stimulates or inhibits oxytocin

Answer 47

Stimulates | Inhibits

Question 48

``` Ethanol Decreased serum osmolarity Decreased ECF volume Angiotensin II Pain Nausea Hypoglycemia Nicotine Opiates Antineoplastic drugs ``` Stimulates or inhibits ADH secretion

Answer 48

``` Inhibits Inhibits Stimulates Stimulates Stimulates Stimulates Stimulates Stimulates Stimulates Stimulates ```