Intro To Hormones Flashcards by Iseoluwa Ojo

endocrine glands=_____ glands that secrete hormones into____ spaces and eventually——-

ductless

intercellular
enters the blood

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Difference between target glands and target organs

target organs: non-endocrine organs that are affected by the hormones
target glands: endocrine targets that are affected by the hormones

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Difference between nervous and hormonal systems in terms of :

Rate of effect
How long the effect lasts
What they control

Nervous:
Rapid
short-lasting
Controls mainly muscles and some glands

Hormonal:
Slower
long lasting
Control metabolism, reproduction, stress response, fluid and electrolyte balance, acid base balance ,energy balance

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Most hormones use—— receptors

metabotropic

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Mention an example of a gland that the nervous system controls

Adrenal medulla

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Example of hormones that Control metabolism ____,____,____

insulin

glucagon

cortisol

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Example of hormones that Control

stress response ____,____

cortisol

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Example of hormones that Control

fluid and electrolyte balance(_____corticoids like____,____,_____)

mineralo

renin

AG2

aldosterone

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Classification of endocrine hormones

based on____ nature
based on bases of_____
based on____
based on_____
based on_____

chemical

mechanism of action

nature of action

effect of hormones

stimulation of endocrine gland

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List 6 types of hormones BASED ON CHEMICAL NATURE

Amines
Peptides 
Proteins
Glycoproteins 
Eicosanoids
Steroid hormones

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Steroid hormones

made of——
derived from——-
e.g——,——,——-,——-,——,——- hormones
they have structures similar to—— (the——- ring containing—— rings and having——

lipids

cholesterol

estrogen; testosterone; aldosterone; cortisol; progesterone; adrenocortical

cholesterol

phenathrene; 3 fused; cholesterol nucleus

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Amine hormones

made up of—— group
derivative of——- e,g——,——
e.g——-,——,——,——

Amine

amino acid; tyrosine; tryptophan

epinephrine; NE; T3; T4

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Peptides hormones

mostly referring to ——peptides
made up of——
e.g____,____,_____
has a—— structure

oligo

few amino acids

vasopressin

insulin

oxytocin

primary

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insulin is under a bit of controversy, some say it should be placed under—— because——

proteins

it has a more than a primary structure

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Proteins hormones

made up of amino acid residues that are ——- than the oligopeptides
has___,____, and____ structure
e.g____,——-

Longer

primary; secondary; tertiary

insulin; glucagon

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Glycoproteins hormones

proteins with some—— residues like——-
eg——,——-,——,——,—— hormone

carbohydrate; mannose

LH; TSH; FSH; HCG; growth

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Eicosanoids hormones

___C hydrocarbon
derivatives of____(a ——)
e.g——-

arachidonic acid; membrane lipid

prostaglandins like PGI2, PGs

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List the sections of hormones BASED ON MECHANISM OF ACTION of the hormone

Group 1 and 2

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BASED ON MECHANISM OF ACTION of hormones

GROUP 1

bind to—— receptors forming—— complex
they are—— plasma membrane ;
e.g——-,—- and—- that are transported—— in blood
some of the receptors are—— while some are——

intracellular

receptor-hormone

Able to cross

steroids; T3; T4; bound to plasma protein

cytosilic; nuclear

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BASED ON MECHANISM OF ACTION of hormones
Group 2
-bind to——/——receptors 
-they ———plasma membrane
-they exert their effect through——
-transported——- in blood plasma 
-are sub divided based on——-

plasma membrane; cell SURAFCE

can’t cross

second messengers

free

chemical nature of second messenger

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Second messenger- hormones they work for

cAMP-____,___,___
IP3/DAG/Ca-____,____,____
_____- oxytocin, gonadotropic hormone

ACTH; FSH; LH

TRH; GnRH;Gastrin

not known

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Which group is lipophylic and which isn’t?

Group 1 or group 2 hormones

Group 1 hormones

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BASED ON NATURE OF ACTION
Local hormones
-have ——-effect. I.e____ action
-e.g——,—— (although it may be produced by——- and carried in blood)

General hormones

transported to —— organs by blood circulation
eg—— hormone,——,——,—-,——

specific local ; paracrine

testosterone; estrogen

adrenal cortex

distant

thyroid; insulin; TSH; FSH; LH

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List the categories of hormones BASED ON EFFECT OF the HORMONES

Kinetic hormones

Metabolic hormones

Morphogenetic hormones

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Kinetic hormones - ____migration - some enhance ——contraction and—— secretion - eg—— (on endothelial smooth muscle),—— from—— gland,MSH(——-)

pigment smooth muscle ; glandular NE pinelain; pineal melanin stimulating hormone

Metabolic hormones - changes ——- - eg——,——,—— hormones,——-

rate of metabolism insulin; glucagon; Thyroid

Morphogenetic hormones - involved in—— and—— - eg ——,——,—— hormones, sometimes—— hormones like—— (having a—— effect, leading to proliferation)

growth; differentiation somatostatin; FSH; thyroid sex; estrogen; mitotic

BASED ON STIMULATION OF ENDOCRINE GLANDS Tropic hormones - stimulate——— - eg——,——,——,——- Non-Tropic hormones -exert effect on——-

other endocrine glands TSH; FSH; LH; ACTH non endocrine target tissue

both tropic and—— hormones are acting on——-

releasing endocrine glands

releasing hormones are produced by____ , which then act on——- for it to produces the ——hormones. Eg in the case of GnRH which is produced from——, acts on—— to release—- and——

hypothalamus; pituitary tropic hypothalamus; pituitary FSH; LH

Fun fact | G proteins has__-membrane spanning subunit(____meric when hormone isn’t binding to them)

7 heterotri

Hormones with mextracellular receptors include——-,——,—— factor, etc

cytokinins interleukins growth

Hormones are not of Pharmaco-therapeutic importance | T/F

F. | they are of Pharmaco-therapeutic importance (drugs can bind to them)

GROUP 1 HORMONES - binds to—— receptors - the hormone-receptor complex initially undergoes—— then binds to target site like part of a dna or gene called——- , especially——

intracellular activation reaction hormones response element steroids

GROUP 2 HORMONES - bind to——- receptors - G proteins (___units) - different hormones can act on either G- or G- protein - ____can be coupled through G protein - G protein converge on a—— - G protein has___,___, and____ subunits functioning as a ____mer

extracellular septentine-7 S;I adenyl Cyclase single catalytic molecule alpha; beta; gamma heterodi

G proteins are versatile | T/F

alpha G protein subunits are coupled to GDP in its____ form

inactive

Steps of G protein shit First,hormone binds to Gprotein - GDP is replaced with GTP on alpha subunit; alpha has intrinsic___ activity (turning GTP to GDP back eventually) - alpha subunit dissociates and can diffuse to bind to adenyl cyclase

Gtpase

In the case of cholera toxin , there is_____ of alpha subunit. This disrupts___ activity and___ the alpha subunit in its—- form and preventing—— breakdown and leading to continuous stimulation of____/——molecules

ADP ribosylation Gtpase locks; active; GTP adneylcyclase; effector

cAMP causes a cascade. It can act on protein kinases (having their own target too) . cAMP binds to : In prokaryotes,____protein; In eukaryotes,_____

catabolite regulating protein kinase A

pkA can____ and____ . | -In case of glucagon, pkA———_____ which then breaks down—— to——-

phosphorylate; dephosphorylate phosphorylates; phosphorylase glycogen; glucose

Phosphodiesterases are enzymes that can break down cGMP to—-

GMP

List 2 phosphodiesterase inhibitors

viagra Caffeine

Answer with : endodermal, mesodermal , or ectodermal origin Polypeptides Amines Proteins Steroids

(endodermal origin) (endodermal origin) (endodermal origin) (Mesodermal origin)

Pituitary Gland Location: - in _____ of ____ bone - attached to _____ by a stalk called ____

Sella Turcica sphenoid Hypothalamus; Infundibulum

Pituitary gland Anterior lobe is the ____ part Posterior lobe is the ____ part

glandular neural

Anterior Pituitary - (_____) Hormone secretions controlled by secretions from the ____ produced by ___ cells and control the release of hormones by Endocrine glands; these hormones are called ____

Adenohypophysis hypothalamus nerve releasing factor

Growth Hormone (GH) - Somatotrophic Hormone (STH) Functions: * Increases Growth And Maintenance of Organs by - stimulating ____anabolism - promotes ____ catabolism

protein fat

Promoting fat catabolism essentially means the use of ____ rather than ____ for energy

fat sugars

Abnormal Secretions of STH can cause ??? ____ ______ ______ _____

Giantism Acromegaly Dwarfism Cachexia

Abnormal Secretions of STH Giantism -- ____secretion during ____ (before ______ close) Acromegaly -- ____secretion during ____ Dwarfism -- ___secretion during ____ Cachexia (aka ____ Disease) - ___secretion during ____ causes premature ___ and ____ of organs

hyper; childhood; epiphyseal plates hyper; adulthood hypo; childhood Simmond's; hypo; adulthood; aging and atrophy

Prolactin - Aka _______nergic Hormone Functions - promotes ____ development during pregnancy - stimulates mammary glands to produce ___ after delivery

Lactogenic breast milk

Thyriod Stimulating Hormone (TSH) - Functions - promotes growth of the ___ Gland - stimulates the secretion of the ____ Hormone

Thyroid Thyroid

Adrenocorticotropin -- (ACTH) Functions - promotes growth of the_____ - stimulates the secretion of ____ Hormones - stimulates ___ Catabolism & ___genesis

Adrenal Cortex Cortical Fat Glyco

Gonadotropins - They include ____ and ____

FSH and LH

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) female : - stimulates the ____ to Develop and produce ____ - stimulates the ____ to secrete ____ male: - stimulates the production of ____ - stimulates the secretion of _____

Ovarian Follicles; ova Ovarian Follicles; Estrogens sperm; Testosterone

Luteinizing Hormone (LH) female: - associated with __hormone in development of the Ovarian Follicles - stimulates development of the ____ following _____ - stimulates Corpus Luteum to secrete____ male. - stimulates the ____ Cells to secrete ____ (also called ______Hormone [ICSH])

FSH Corpus Luteum; ovulation; Progesterone Interstitial; Testosterone Interstitial Cell Stimulating

Posterior pituitary gland releases 2 things Name them!

Oxytocin | ADH

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) - produced in the ____ and collected and secreted by the _____ lobe -___reases the permeability of the kidney tubules to ____ - promotes the reabsorption of the ____ from the urinary filtrate resulting in a smaller volume of urine

hypothalamus posterior inc; water water

Diabetes insipidus - condition resulting in ____ volumes of urine produced - may be treated with _____

larger vasopressin

Oxytocin - stimulates ____ of the pregnant uterus at the time of delivery - causes milk ____ from the lactating breast

powerful contractions ejection

THYROID GLAND Location: - ___ aspect of larynx and upper trachea - two lateral lobe connected by an ____ on ____ surface of superior trachea

lower isthmus anterior

Thyroxine is a combination of _____ and_____

Tyrosine & Iodine

thyroxine decreases Catabolism | T/F

Thyroxine produces extra body heat | T/F

__ mg of thyroxine = an increased heat production of___ calories

1 1000

Thyroxine Works with STH to produce growth and development of tissues and organs T/F

_____ Tissue is particularly affected in thyroxine growth actions

Nervous

hyposecretion of thyroxine results in Mental Retardation | T/F

Thyroxine causes muscle weakness T/F

Thyrocalcitonin ___reases excretion of Calcium & Phosphate ions It also increases Osteo___ activity

dec blast

Calcitonin aids Ca+2 & PO-3 deposition in bone | T/F

Hyperthyroidism (____ disease) (elevated or depressed?) PBI (increases or decreases ?)nervousness and irritability (elevated or reduced?) BMR

Grave's Elevated Increases elevated

Hypothyroidism can cause exophthalmos | T/F

F Hyper*

exophthalmos results in _____

edema behind the eyes

Cretinism which occurs if the hyposecretion is during ____ or _____ developmental life

fetal or early

Myxedema occurs if the hyposecretion is during ____ life. results in ___reased blood pressure results in accumulation of subcutaneous fluids

adult inc

Primary endocrine organ process due to a benign condition (e.g. autoimmune thyroid gland stimulation in _____' disease) or benign _____ (e.g. primary hyperparathyroidism causing hypercalcemia).

Graves neoplasm

Endocrine cancers are common T/F

adrenocortical carcinoma secreting excessive androgens causing _____).

Virilization

thyroid gland stimulation in Graves' disease by ____ against the _____ receptor)

autoantibodies TSH

Grave’s disease, primary hyperparathyroid adenoma Benign or malignant?

Benign benign

primary hyperparathyroid adenoma secreting excessive ____ causing ____).

PTH hypercalcemia

Less commonly, ectopic production of a hormone may lead to endocrine hypofunction T/F (e.g. ACTH released from small cell lung cancer cause hypersecretion of cortisol by adrenal glands).

F Hyper

Neoplasms. They are only benign T/F

F can be both benign or malignant.

Symptoms of neoplasms develop either due to : ________by the tumor _______ due to ____ effect ______ damage

Overproduction of hormone Underproduction of nearby hormones; mass Structural

Most common iatrogenic cause of endocrine abnormality is ________ of ______ (when you give it to treat ______ conditions, e.g. rheumatoid arthritis).

exogenous administration non-endocrine

DIT stands for _____ MIT stands for _______

Diiodotyrosine Monoiodotyrosine

Hypothalamic hormones Are of what chemical nature group??? Which one is the odd one out

Peptides PIF… amine

Thyroxine aids perinatal maturation of the central nervous system T/F

Thyroxine Stimulates skeletal growth T/F

HCG Stimulates _____ and _____ synthesis in corpus luteum of (early or late ?) pregnancy

estrogen and progesterone early

HPL stands for ??? And is AKA???

Human placenta lactogen Human chorionic somatotropin

HPL Has _____–like and ____-like actions during pregnancy

growth hormone prolactin

All steroid hormones are derivatives of ______

cholesterol

Which is more common? Feedback mechanism or neural mechanism of control

Feedback Feedback mechanisms are more common than neural mechanisms

Long-loop feedback means that the _____ feeds back all the way to the ______.

Hormone hypothalamicpituitary axis

Short-loop feedback means that the _______ feeds back on the hypothalamus to inhibit secretion of hypothalamic-releasing hormone

anterior pituitary hormone

ultrashort-loop feedback, in which the hypothalamic hormone inhibits ______ (e.g., growth hormone–releasing hormone [GHRH] inhibits ___ secretion).

its own secretion GHRH

the effect of estrogen on the secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) by the anterior pituitary Positive or negative feedback??

Positive

Answer with IP3 or cAMP ``` TRH TSH CRH ACTH GnRH FSH LH Oxytocin ADH V1 ADH V2 PTH Calcitonin AG2 Glucagon HCG Beta 1 and 2 ```

``` IP3 camp camp Camp IP3 Camp Camp IP3 IP3 Camp Camp Camp IP3 Camp Camp Camp ```

Tyrosine Kinase Mechanism is used by ??? ______ _______ ________ ______

Insulin IGF PROLACTIN Growth hormone

PIP3 can be broken down into ——- then ——— and _____

PIP2 IP3 DAG