Cause and effect Flashcards

1
Q

What is causation?

A

what caused an effect

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2
Q

What is an experiment?

A

a scientific test of some hypothesis/principle carried out under carefully controlled conditions in order to determine/discover something unknown

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3
Q

What was the Lind’s scurvy experiment?

A
  • naval ship where sailor would often die from scurvy and there was no understanding of what caused this.
  • Didn’t know how to cure so they randomly chose sailors with developing symptoms and they started trying remedies out on them.
  • Found that citrus reduced scurvy
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4
Q

What was the Tripplett’s experiment?

A
  • study of the effects of competition on individuals speed of task completion
  • single treatment (absent or present competition), single outcome (speed of tasks completion), alternate ordering of treatment.
  • Found that presence of competition served to liberate latent energy not ordinarily available.
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5
Q

What was the Hawthorne experiment?

A
  • studied effects of physical environment on productivity (light, length of breaks, snacks), - one room of workers in special room for treatment
  • productivity increased regardless of change in conditions
  • found that the researcher’s attention was a confounding factor
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6
Q

What are true experiments?

A
  • random assignment to treatment and control groups
  • Replicability that allows experiment to be reproduced
  • control: demonstrate what happens when something is changed when everything stays the same
  • precision: assures that thing changed caused the effect
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7
Q

What’s triangulation?

A

using more than one method to study the same phenomenon

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8
Q

What is replication?

A
  • studying the same phenomenon with multiple methods
  • builds confidence
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9
Q

What is the basic criteria for an experiment?

A
  • cause must precede the effect
  • cause must be related to effect
  • are plausible alternative effects excluded?
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10
Q

What is variation in an experiment?

A
  • achieved by manipulating the independent variable
  • IV cause he effect in the dependent variable
  • cause is rarely univariate
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11
Q

What are confounds?

A

additional, often unmeasured variables that are related to both the predictors and the outcomes

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12
Q

What is experimental control?

A

removing alternative explanations from experiments

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13
Q

What is statistical control?

A

measuring a covariate and controlling for it

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14
Q

What is a control group?

A
  • a group that doesn’t receive any treatment
  • considered neutral
  • shows an effect of treatment/manipulation
    -effect: difference btw what happened to treatment group and what would to control group
  • must get some kind of placebo treatment to give illusion
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15
Q

What is random assignment?

A
  • everyone has an equal chance of being assigned to treatment group and control groups
  • way of distributing individual differences
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16
Q

What were the results of Mass et al. (2003) study on gender harassment?

A
  • Participants harassed the female interaction partner more when exposed to legitimacy, distinctiveness, or prototypically threat compared to no threat.
  • social identity threat plays a crucial role in shaping harassing behaviour