CBT

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Father of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

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Dr. Aaron Beck

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Type of psychotherapy that helps people identify and change the negative thoughts and behaviors that contribute to their emotional problems.

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Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)

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3 major concepts of CBT

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Core Beliefs
Cognitive Distortion
Negative Automatic Thoughts

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The most fundamental and deeply held assumptions about oneself, others, and the world.

Generally learned early in life
and are influenced by childhood experiences and seen as absolute.

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CORE BELIEFS

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3 aspects in cognitive triad

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Self-image
World image
Future image

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These beliefs relate to one’s
worth, abilities, and identity.

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Core Beliefs about the Self

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These beliefs pertain to how
individuals perceive and interact with others.

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Core Beliefs about Others

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These beliefs involve one’s
views on the world and their place in it.

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Core Beliefs about the World

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Are thoughts that are involuntarily activated in certain situations.

Spontaneous and often unconscious thoughts that
arise in response to specific situations or triggers.

These thoughts are typically negative and can contribute to negative emotions and behaviors.

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Automatic thoughts

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Faulty in pattern of thinking, and irrational way on how individuals towards things.

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Cognitive Distortions

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Develop when individuals hold onto negative or distorted thought
patterns (cognitions) that
influence their emotions and
behaviors

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Maladaptive behaviors

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3 aspects of Cognition

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Underlying Beliefs
Automatic Thoughts
Cognitive Distortions

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Shape the perception and interpretation of events

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Underlying Beliefs

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Defined as templates or rules
for information processing that underlie the most superficial
layer of automatic thoughts.

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Belief systems or schemas

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Type of Belief:

Beliefs you have from childhood or as you grow up.

“I am unlovable”
“I am inadequate”
“The world is a hostile and
dangerous place”

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Core beliefs

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Type of belief:

Rules and judgment; usually stem from core belief

“To be accepted, I should always
please others.”
“I should be excellent at everything I do to be considered adequate.”
“It is best to have as little as possible to do with people.”

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INTERMEDIATE BELIEFS

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An individual’s immediate, unpremeditated interpretations
of events

Shape both the individual’s emotions and their actions in response to events.

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Automatic Thoughts

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Cognitive triad of automatic thoughts

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Negative views about the world
Negative views about the future
Negative views about one’s self

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Things are seen regarding two
mutually exclusive categories
with no shades of grey in
between

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DICHOTOMOUS THINKING

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Focusing exclusively on certain,
usually negative or upsetting,
aspects of something while
ignoring the rest.

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SELECTIVE ABSTRACTION

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Taking isolated cases and using
them to make wide generalizations.

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Overgeneralization

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Assuming the thoughts and
intentions of others.

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MIND READING

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Predicting how things will turn out before they happen.

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FORTUNE TELLING

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Positive characteristics or experiences are treated as real but insignificant.

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Minimization

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Positive experiences that conflict with the individual’s negative views are discounted.

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DISQUALIFYING THE POSITIVE

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Focusing on the worst possible outcome, however unlikely, or thinking that a situation is unbearable or impossible when it is just uncomfortable.

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CATASTROPHIZING

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Making decisions and arguments based on how you feel rather than objective reality.

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Emotional Reasoning

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Concentrating on what you think “should” or “ought to be” rather than the actual situation you are faced with or having rigid rules which you always apply no matter the circumstances.

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SHOULD STATEMENTS

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Assuming you are completely or directly responsible for a negative outcome. When applied to others consistently, the blame is the distortion.

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PERSONALIZATION

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Goal of Cognitive Therapy

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Help clients learn practical skills that they can use to make changes in their thoughts, behaviors, and emotions and how to sustain these changes over time.

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Aspects of ABC-CBT

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Activating events Beliefs about event Consequences

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BEHAVIORAL INTERVENTION: A technique that increases the likelihood of a desired behavior.

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Reinforcement

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Designed to decrease a problematic behavior Characterized by response burst or extinction burst

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Extinction

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BEHAVIORAL INTERVENTION: Used to gradually increase the quality of a behavior.

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Shaping

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BEHAVIORAL INTERVENTION: Some event in the environment is used to cue behavior

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Stimulus Control

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Cue when a stimulus leads to behavior that is desirable and will be reinforced

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Discriminative stimulus

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BEHAVIORAL INTERVENTION: Involves planning and engaging in meaningful activities to improve mood and mental well-being.

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Activity Planning

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BEHAVIORAL INTERVENTION: CBT tool for testing our thoughts and beliefs, and replacing those that are irrational and harmful with healthy alternatives.

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Behavioral Experiments

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BEHAVIORAL INTERVENTION: Patient and therapist will act out a specific scenario

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Role-Play

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BEHAVIORAL INTERVENTION: Involves practicing specific behaviors or responses in a controlled setting to enhance performance in real-life situations

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Behavioral Rehearsal

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BEHAVIORAL INTERVENTION: Therapist creates a safe environment to expose you to your fears. Fears may be things, situations and/or activities

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Exposure therapy

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COGNITIVE INTERVENTIONS: Used to help the client cope with negative cognitions that cause distress, are untrue, or are counterproductive.

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Thought-Stopping

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COGNITIVE INTERVENTIONS: Optimistic and encouraging thoughts that you say to yourself.

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Positive SelfStatements

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COGNITIVE INTERVENTIONS: Aimed at learning to recognize dysfunctional, negative thinking patterns, cognitive distortions, that cause negative feelings.

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Cognitive Restructuring

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COGNITIVE INTERVENTIONS: Learning to see thoughts as merely thoughts and to choose whether or not to engage with them.

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Cognitive Defusion

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COGNITIVE INTERVENTIONS: Strategy used to aid people in identifying their true priorities in life through guided discovery.

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Values Clarification

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COGNITIVE INTERVENTIONS: Used to teach about the interactions between thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, and as a tool for clients to record their own experiences.

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Thought Record

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Involves a disciplined and thoughtful dialogue between two or more people.

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Socratic Questioning

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Type of intervention; Ex: You said you're feeling lonely. Can you rate how sad are you from 1-5?

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Scaling

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6 types of questions under Socratic questioning

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Clarification Challenging assumptions Evidence and reasoning Alternative viewpoints Implications and consequences Challenging the question

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Socratic Questioning: What do you mean when you say X? Could you explain that point further? Can you provide an example?

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Clarification

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Socratic Questioning: Is there a different point of view? What assumptions are we making here? Are you saying that...?

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Challenging assumptions

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Socratic Questioning: Can you provide an example that supports what you are saying? Can we validate that evidence? Do we have all the information we need?

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Evidence and reasoning

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Socratic Questioning: Are there alternative viewpoints? How could someone else respond, and why?

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Alternative viewpoints

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Socratic Questioning: How would this affect someone? What are the long-term implications of this?

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Implications and consequences

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What do you think was important about that question?

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Challenging questions