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CC PART 1 ANALYTICAL METHODS Flashcards

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1
Q

charac. as a spectrum from short wavelength to long wavelength

A

radiant energy

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2
Q

is the distance traveled by one complete wave cycle measured in nanometers

A

wavelength

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3
Q

symbol of wavelength

A

A

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4
Q

the ___ the wavelength, the greater the energy contained in the light and the greater the number of photons

A

shorter

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5
Q

<400 nm
has very short wavelengths

A

Ultraviolet (UV) light

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6
Q

> 700 nm
has very long wavelengths

A

infrared light

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7
Q

when all visible wavelengths of light _____ nm are combined _____ results

A

400-700 nm
white light

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8
Q

wavelength is _______ to frequency and energy

a. directly proportional
b. inversely proportional

A

b

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9
Q

used to check wavelength accuracy

A

didymium or holmium oxide filter

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10
Q

verify absorbance accuracy on linearity

A

neutral density filters and dichromate solution

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11
Q

it has been adopted for only a limited number of clinical laboratory analyses, required larger sample volume and most popular being lipoprotein particle measurements

A

NMR- Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

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12
Q

the concentration of a substance is DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL to the light absorbed and INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL to the light transmitted

A

Beer’s Law

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13
Q

simplest type of absorption spectrometer

a. single beam spectrophotometer
b. double beam spectrophotometer

A

a

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14
Q

makes one measurement at a time at one specifies wavelength

a. single beam spectrophotometer
b. double beam spectrophotometer

A

a

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15
Q

splits the monochromatic light into 2 components

a. single beam spectrophotometer
b. double beam spectrophotometer

A

b

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16
Q

2 types of double beam spectrophotometer

A

double beam in space
double beam in time

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17
Q

2 photodetectors

a. double beam in space
b. double beam in time

A

a

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18
Q

uses 1 photodetector and a chopper or rotating sector mirror

double beam in space
double beam in time

A

b

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19
Q

2 types of light source or exciter lamp

A

continuum source
line source

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20
Q

most common light source

A

tungsten light bulb

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21
Q

used in the UV region

A

Deuterium lamp

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22
Q

continuous source of radiation in both the UV and visible region

A

Xenon discharge lamp

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23
Q

UV and visible regions in spectro

A

mercury and sodium vapor lamp

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24
Q

UV and visible in AAS

A

hollow cathode lamp

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25
is fixed in position and size to minimize unwanted or stray light and prevents scattered light into the monochromator system
entrance slit
26
any wavelength outside the band transmitted by the monochromator
stray light
27
disperses the light into isolated wavelengths
monochromator
28
selects the bandpass of the selected wavelength to pass through the exit slit
exit slit
29
most common cuvet used. a. alumina/silica glass b. quartz/plastic c. borosilicate glass d. soft glass
a
30
CUVET used in visible and UV spectra a. alumina/silica glass b. quartz/plastic c. borosilicate glass d. soft glass
B
31
CUVET used in visible spectra (380-700 nm) a. alumina/silica glass b. quartz/plastic c. borosilicate glass d. soft glass
C
32
MOST COMMONLY USED photodetector
Photomultiplier tube (PMT)
33
excellent sensitivity a. Photomultiplier tube (PMT) b. photodiode
a
34
excellent linearity a. Photomultiplier tube (PMT) b. photodiode
b
35
displays output of the detection system
meter or read out device
36
% TRANSMITTANCE against concentration a. semilogarithmic paper b. linear graph paper
A
37
ABSORBANCE against concentration a. semilogarithmic paper b. linear graph paper
B
38
Corrects for artefactual absorbance readings caused by the components of the system
Blanking technique or dual wavelength method
39
Blanking technique AKA
dual wavelength method
40
may be necessary to clear the serum/ plasma of chylomicrons
ULTRACENTRIFUGATION
41
used measurement of excited ions
flame emission photometry
42
_____ serves as the light source and the cuvet for flame emission photometry
flame
43
excitation of electrons from lower to higher energy state
flame emission photometry
44
measures light absorbed by atoms in ground state disocciated by heat
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS)
45
used for UNEXCITED trace elements (Calcium, Magnesium)
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS)
46
light source of Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS)
hollow cathode lamp
47
anong dalawang unique sa Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS)
atomizer chopper
48
A LED lamp generates light which passes through a filter and a series of slits and is focused on the test surface.
reflectance photometry
49
Principle of IRIS
reflectance photometry
49
measures amount of light BLOCKED by particle formation in a turbid solution
Turbidimetry
50
in turbidimetry, light transmitted is _________ to concentration a. directly proportional b. inversely proportional
B
51
used for protein measurements (CSF, urine), detect bacterial growth in broth cultures, detect clot formation
Turbidimetry
52
Unknown sample is made to react with known solution on the presence of an indicator
Volumetric / Titrimetric
53
2 examples of Volumetric / Titrimetric
schales and schales method -chloride test EDTA titration method- calcium test
54
determines amount of light SCATTERED by particulate matter in a turbid solution
Nephelometry
55
in nephelometry, light is measured at an angle_____ ?
15-90 degrees
56
in nephelometry, detector output is _________ to concentration, number and size a. directly proportional b. inversely proportional
A
57
used for measurement of antigen-antibody complexes
nephelometry
58
used clinically to separate and identify proteins including serum, urine and CSF proteins, lipoproteins, isoenzymes and so on.
ELECTROPHORESIS
59
What are the two buffers used in electrophoresis and their pH
Barbital - pH 8.6 (alkaline lelectro) Citrate - pH 3 to 6.2 (acid electro)
60
supporting media in electrophoresis that separates by molecular size a. cellulose acetate b. agarose gel c. polyacrylamide gel
A
61
supporting media in electrophoresis that separates by electric charge and it does not bind protein a. cellulose acetate b. agarose gel c. polyacrylamide gel
b
62
supporting media in electrophoresis that separates on the basis of charge and molecular size and separates proteins into 20 fractions a. cellulose acetate b. agarose gel c. polyacrylamide gel
C
63
MOST IMPORTANT WIDESPREAD CLINICAL APPLICATIONS OF ELECTROPHORESIS
detect monoclonal gammopathy
64
is a technique where solutes in a sample are separated for identification based on the physical difference that allow their differential distribution between a mobile phase and stationary phase
Chromatography
65
Semiquantitative drug screening test
TLC - Thin Layer Chromotography
66
samples for TDM
serum / plasma
67
sample used in drug of abuse
urine
68
used for separation of steroids, barbiturates, blood, alcohol, and lipids FOR HIGHLY VOLATILE SOLUTES
Gas chromatography
69
based on the fragmentation and ionization of molecules using a suitable source of energy
MASS SPECTROSCOPY
70
Gold standard for drug monitoring
GC-MS
71
can detect 20 inborn error of metabolism
Tandem Mass Spectroscopy (MS/MS)
72
uses fractionation of drugs, hormones, lipids, carbohydrates and proteins and rapid HBA1C test FOR NON-VOLATILE SOLUTES
Liquid chromatography
73
for non-volatile substances in BODY FLUIDS
Liquid chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (LC-MS)
74
A complementary methof to GC-MS in confirming positive tests for illicit drugs
Liquid chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (LC-MS)
75
measures light emitted by a molecule after excitation by electromagnetic radiation
FLUOROMETRY/ MOLECULAR LUMINESCENCE SPECTROPHOTOMETRY
76
uses porphyrins, Mg, Ca, and catecholamines
FLUOROMETRY/ MOLECULAR LUMINESCENCE SPECTROPHOTOMETRY
77
uses 2 monochromators
FLUOROMETRY/ MOLECULAR LUMINESCENCE SPECTROPHOTOMETRY
78
1000x more sensitive than spectrophotometer
FLUOROMETRY/ MOLECULAR LUMINESCENCE SPECTROPHOTOMETRY
79
any process that decreases the fluorescence intensity of a sample.
Quenching
80
the chemical reaction yields an electronically excited compound that emits light as it returns to its ground state
Chemiluminescence
81
used in IMMUNOASSAYS
Chemiluminescence
82
what is the detector used in Chemiluminescence?
PMT
83
More sensitive than fluorescence
Chemiluminescence
84
in the procedure, the sample analyte is allowed to compete with a fluorophore-labeled analyte for a limited antibody to the analyte.
Fluorescence-Polarization
85
based on measuring in the colligative properties of solutions that occur due to variations in particle concentration
Osmometry
86
what are the osmotic particles of osmometry?
glucose urea nitrogen sodium
87
most commonly used of osmometry
Freezing-point depression osmometry
88
the difference between the calculated osmolality and the actual measured osmolality.
Osmolal gap
89
measurement of difference in voltage potential at a constant current
Potentiometry
90
potentiometry uses:
pH and pCO2
91
measures the electrolyte dissolved in the fluid phase of the sample
Ion Selective electrode
92
measures amount of electricity at a fixed potentital
Coulometry
93
measurement of the current flow produced by an oxidation-reduction reaction
Amperometry
94
Used in pO2
Amperometry
95
measures differences in current at a constant voltage
Polarography
96
Uses chloride test
Coulometry

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