Cell and cell membrane

Question 1

Cytoskelton

Answer 1

Function: cellular structure,movement of organelle and cellular adhesion

Question 2

Cell walls

Answer 2

Function: provide support and protection

Question 3

Glycocalyx/ capsule

Answer 3

Function: Protect enviroment, immune defense, attaching with other cells

Question 4

Proteins in plasma membrane

Answer 4

Intergral: channels, pores, carriers
Peripheral: enzymes, intracellular signal mediators

Question 5

Membrane proteins

Answer 5

Intergral—-> firmly inserted into membrane
Periphral——> loosely attached to intergral proteins are embedded in lipid bilayer

Question 6

Passive transport

Answer 6

no input if energy required: High to low

Question 7

Active transport

Answer 7

Requires energy

Question 8

Simple diffusion

Answer 8

nonpolar lipid- soluble substances diffuses directly through phospholipid layers. (ex.o2 through phospholipid bilayer)

Question 9

Facilitated diffusion

Answer 9

certain lipophobic molecules(glucose, amino acids) use carrier proteins or channel proteins( ex. movement of glucose into cells)

Question 10

Facilitated diffusion- carrier protiens

Answer 10

transmembrane integral proteins transport specific polar molecules (. \/——–>/. )

Question 11

Facilitated diffusion- channel proteins

Answer 11

hydrophilic amino acids line inside of channel, hydrophobic amino acids outside channel

Question 12

Leakage channels

Answer 12

Always open

Question 13

Gated Channels

Answer 13

controlled by chemical or electrical signal

Question 14

Osmosis

Answer 14

movement of solvent across a selectively permeable membrane (ex. movement of H2O through phospholipid bilayer)

Question 15

osmolarity

Answer 15

measure of total conc. of solute particles

Question 16

Tonicity

Answer 16

ability of a solution to cause a cell to shrink or swell

Question 17

Isotonic

Answer 17

solution with same solute conc. as that of cytosol ( cell stays same)

Question 18

Hypertonic

Answer 18

solution having a greater solute conc. then cytosol (cell shrinks)

Question 19

Hypotonic

Answer 19

solution have a lesser solute conc. then cytosol (cell expands)

Question 20

Hypernatremia

Answer 20

increased water and sweat loss——> needs isotonic

Question 21

Hyponatremia

Answer 21

large water ingestion——> hypertonic solution needed

Question 22

Active processes

Answer 22

uses ATP to move solutes across a living plasma membrane

Question 23

Endocytosis

Answer 23

bring particles into the cell

Question 24

Exocytosis

Answer 24

secondary lysosome or secretory vesicle from golgi

Question 25

Receptors and signals

Answer 25

signal reception------>signal transduction------->Response

Question 26

Phosphorylation

Answer 26

transfer of phosphate groups to different proteins in the cell Achieved with enzymes called Kinases