Cell Bio part 2 2020

Question 1

Balance between cell ______ and _____ represent homeostasis

Answer 1

cell proliferation and cell death

Question 2

Tissues with the greatest frequencies of cell proliferation and apoptosis

Answer 2

1. thymus
2. spleen
3. small intestine
4. epidermis
5. ovarian follicles

Question 3

Triggered by sustained ischemia, physical or chemical trauma

Cells swell, organelles damaged, chromatin randomly degraded

Cells lyse, organelles destroyed

Answer 3

Necrosis

Question 4

Triggered by specific signals that activate specific genes

Cells shrink, organelles intact, chromatin degraded systematically

Membrane blebs, cell contents retained

Answer 4

Apoptosis

Question 5

_____(cell death process) leads to inflammation

Answer 5

Necrosis

Question 6

_____(cell death process) leads to phagocytosis

Answer 6

Apoptosis

Question 7

In polycystic kidney disease there is ________ in the _______

Answer 7

too much apoptosis in the kidneys

Question 8

Morphology of apoptosis

Answer 8

blobs that pinch off and are eaten away by macrophages

Question 9

DNA Ladder

Answer 9

(electrophoresis) in Apoptotic cells DNA is degraded in an orderly fashion lysing between neujlosomes. In random degradation the DNA is cut anywhere and you see a smear in the electrophoresis lane

Question 10

Basic Process of Apoptosis consist of 3 phases

Answer 10

1. Induction
2. Modulation
3. Execution

Question 11

3 types of inducers of apoptosis (3):

Answer 11

1. physiologic
2. damage-related
3. Therapy associated

Question 12

2 major pathways of induction

Answer 12

Intrinsic and extrinsic

Question 13

Modulation is done by ____ proteins

Answer 13

Bcl

Question 14

Modulation is within the _____ pathway only; and is both ___ and _____ apoptotic

Answer 14

Modulation is within the intrinsic pathway only; and is both pro and anti apoptotic

Question 15

In execution ____(A) are followed by _____. ___(A)____ are directly responsible for blebbing

Answer 15

In execution caspases are followed by endonucleases. Caspases are directly responsible for blebbing

Question 16

Physiologic inducers of apoptosis (4)

Answer 16

1. TNF-α
2. FasL
3. growth/survival factor withdrawal
4. glucocorticoids

Question 17

Damage-Related inducers of apoptosis (5)

Answer 17

1. viral infection
2. heat shock
3. toxins
4. tumor suppressors
5. oxidants/free radicals

Question 18

Therapy-Associated inducers of apoptosis (2)

Answer 18

1. UV/gamma irradiation

2. chemotherapeutic drugs

Question 19

Burkitt’s Lymphoma Reveals:

Answer 19

the Molecules and Mechanisms for Both Pro- and Anti-Apoptotic Pathways

Question 20

Intrinsic (mitochondrial) pathway of apoptosis

Answer 20

Withdrawal of growth factors, hormones —->stimulates mitochondria membrane modulation of apoptosis (by Bcl-2)–>If activated, pro-apoptotic molecules are released–> initiator caspases are activated–> activator caspases activted–> 1) endonuclease activation (degrades DNA)and breakdown of cytoskeleton

Question 21

Extrinsic (death receptor-initiated) pathway

Answer 21

Receptor-ligand interactions (FAS & TNF receptor)–> Adapter proteins activated–>initiator caspases activated–>activator caspases activted–> 1) endonuclease activation (degrades DNA)and breakdown of cytoskeleton

Question 22

Hashimoto Disease

Answer 22

Most common form of hypothyroidism. Represents too much apoptosis in thyroid gland.

Question 23

Apoptosis Inhibitors Reduce Neuronal Damage After _____

Answer 23

stroke

Question 24

Clinical Significance of Cell Birth and Death Lectures (first 7)

Answer 24

1. Liver regeneration following partial hepatectomy
2. Restenosis following vascular surgery
3. Grave’s Disease (hyperthyroidism)
4. Bone marrow replenishment following blood loss
5. Chronic pelvic inflammatory disease
6. Pulmonary function in smokers
7. Pap smear

Question 25

Clinical Significance of Cell Birth and Death Lectures (last 6)

Answer 25

1. Fibroids 2. Cancer 3. Polydactyly and Syndactly 4. Polycystic Kidney Disease 5. Hashimoto’s (hypothyroidism) 6. Burkitt’s Lymphoma