Cell Biology

Question 1

magnification formula

Answer 1

(size of image)/(actual size)

Question 2

conversion factor

Answer 2

1 mm = 1,000 micrometers

Question 3

theory

Answer 3

a way of interpreting the natural world, allows us to make predictions

Question 4

namer of cells

Answer 4

Robert Hooke - looking at cork through a microscope

Question 5

order of cell discovery

Answer 5

cork cells, microscopic water, animal cells, plant cells, cells come from pre-existing cells

Question 6

Postulates to cell theory

Answer 6

cells are fundamental building blocks of all living organisms and they come from pre-existing cells

Question 7

Prokaryotic cells only

Answer 7

Unicellular bacteria, no contained nucleus, simple cell structure, cell wall, no organelles,

Question 8

cell wall makes

Answer 8

peptidoglycan

Question 9

Prokaryotic + Eukaryotic

Answer 9

surrounded by a membrane, DNA stores all instructions, chemical reactions (metabolism) catalyzed by enzymes, energy release system to power cell activities

Question 10

eukaryotic only

Answer 10

complicated internally, compartmentalized, specialized organelles, enclosed nucleus

Question 11

What is a unicellular eukaryotic?

Answer 11

Yeast

Question 12

prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic

Answer 12

Bacteria and archaea vs. plant and animal,

DNA concentrated in nucleoid vs. in nucleus

Question 13

Striated muscle cell

Answer 13

size is 30 m in length (normal is .03 mm) and has many nuclei in one cell

Question 14

fungi

Answer 14

Uninterrupted tube with many nuclei

Question 15

algae

Answer 15

1 microscopic cell 100 mm long with 1 nucleus

Question 16

micrograph

Answer 16

a photo taken down a microscope

Question 17

amphipathic

Answer 17

it has a hydrophilic and hydrophobic region

Question 18

sandwich model

Answer 18

Davson-Danielli (1960s): phospholipid bilayer between two layers of proteins

Question 19

fluid mosaic model

Answer 19

Singer-Nicolson (1972): membrane proteins are dispersed and inserted in the bilayer

Question 20

sandwich model problems

Answer 20

membrane proteins are not soluble in water

Question 21

Soap

Answer 21

amphipathic

Question 22

Fluidity

Answer 22

drift laterally, rarely flipping, some proteins drift and some are immobile

Question 23

differences in membrane fluidityq

Answer 23

Unsaturated tails have kinks and up membrane fluidity, cholesterol serves as a roadblock and lowers fluidity

Question 24

Intergral proteins

Answer 24

penetrate hydrophobic core of lipid bilayer

Question 25

peripheral proteins

Answer 25

bound loosely to the surface of the membrane

Question 26

cell to cell recognition importance

Answer 26

in developing the embryo, the immune system, and blood groups

Question 27

six membrane function proteins

Answer 27

Transport, Enzymatic activity, Signal transduction, cell-cell recognition, intercellular joining, attachment to cytoskeleton and ECM

Question 28

transport

Answer 28

a protein that spans membrane and provides channel access

Question 29

enzymatic activity

Answer 29

proteins built into membrane, an enzyme with an active site in adjacent solutions

Question 30

cell-cell recognition

Answer 30

serve as ID tags recognized by other cells

Question 31

intercellular joining

Answer 31

can hook onto another protein in another membrane

Question 32

attachment to cytoskeleton and ECM

Answer 32

maintain shape and coordinate changes

Question 33

membrane carbs in cell-cell recognition

Answer 33

immunity + embryonic development

Question 34

channel proteins

Answer 34

have a hydrophilic channel through the membrane

Question 35

carrier proteins

Answer 35

holds onto passengers and changes shape to shuffle through the membrane

Question 36

aquaporins

Answer 36

channel proteins allowing access to water molecules

Question 37

CO2 across membrane

Answer 37

dissolve in lipid bilayer

Question 38

glucose across membrane

Answer 38

carrier protein

Question 39

H20 across membrane

Answer 39

channel protein

Question 40

Passive transport

Answer 40

diffusion

Question 41

diffusion

Answer 41

tendency for molecules to spread from a higher concentration to a lower concentration

Question 42

Osmosis

Answer 42

movement of water from a hypotonic solution to a hypertonic solution until it is an isotonic solution

Question 43

hypertonic

Answer 43

low amount of substance in water

Question 44

hypotonic

Answer 44

high amount of substance in water

Question 45

isotonic

Answer 45

same amount of substance in water

Question 46

exocytosis

Answer 46

process in which an intracellular vesicle moves to the plasma membrane and fuses to the plasma membrane

Question 47

endcytosis

Answer 47

a form of active transport in which a cell transports molecules into the cell by engulfing them in an energy using process

Question 48

organelles in prokaryotic only

Answer 48

plant: chloroplast animal: centrioles

Question 49

scanning electron microscope

Answer 49

to study details of the surface

Question 50

transmission electron microscope

Answer 50

to study the internal structure of cells

Question 51

cell wall

Answer 51

rigid structure outside plasma membrane

Question 52

plasma membrane

Answer 52

selective barrier that allows passage of O2, nutrients and wastes

Question 53

bacterial chromosome

Answer 53

circular

Question 54

nucleoid

Answer 54

where the genetic material is concentrated

Question 55

bound vs free ribosomes

Answer 55

ER vs. cytosol, package and export vs. function in cytosol

Question 56

endomembrane system

Answer 56

nuclear envelope, er, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles and plasma membrane

Question 57

transport vesicle

Answer 57

transports proteins across cell

Question 58

functions of smooth ER

Answer 58

synthesis of lipids: secretes hormones metabolism of carbs: glycogen, removes phosphate from glucose detoxification: makes more soluble and easier to flush

Question 59

broad action enzymes

Answer 59

perform more than one function

Question 60

phagocytosis

Answer 60

a process of amoeba and protists eating by engulfing smaller organisms

Question 61

macrophages

Answer 61

human cells

Question 62

autophagy

Answer 62

recycle cellular components by breaking down and returning monomers to the cytosol

Question 63

food vacuoles

Answer 63

turn nutrients into stuff the cell needs for the body

Question 64

contractile vacuoles

Answer 64

pump excess water out of the cell to maintain a suitable concentration of ions and molecules

Question 65

central vacuoles in plants

Answer 65

selective in transporting solutes, holds reserves of important organic compounds disposal site for metabolic byproducts

Question 66

peroxisomes

Answer 66

transfer hydrogen from substrates to oxygen to produce H2O2

Question 67

cytoskeleton

Answer 67

network of fibers through cytoplasm: mechanical support and shape and cell mobility

Question 68

fibers that make up the cytoskeleton

Answer 68

microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments

Question 69

myosin

Answer 69

motor proteins that move the microfilament

Question 70

intermediate filaments

Answer 70

shape and position of organelles

Question 71

cell wall

Answer 71

made of polysaccharide cellulose, protection, shape and prevents excessive water uptake

Question 72

ECM

Answer 72

extracellular matrix