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Molecular Biology Flashcards

(58 cards)

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1
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Monosaccharides: Sugars: Carbonyl and Hydroxyl

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2
Q

Lipids

A

Fatty acids: Triglycerole: Carbonyl, Hydroxyl and hydrocarbon tail

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3
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

Nucleotides: Phosphate group, 5 carbon sugar(ribose), and pyrimoine or purine

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4
Q

Proteins

A

Amino acids: polypeptides: Carboxyl and Amine

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5
Q

Macromolecule

A

A large molecule commonly created by polymerization

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6
Q

Polymer

A

A molecule consisting of many similar building blocks linked by covalent bonds

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7
Q

Monomer

A

The building blocks of a polymer

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8
Q

Condensation reaction

A

When two molecules are covalently bonded together through loss of a water molecule: hydroxyl group and a hydrogen (dehydration synthesis)

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9
Q

Hydrolysis

A

The process of disassembling polymers by adding water

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10
Q

Disaccharides

A

Double sugars; two monosaccharides are joined by a covalent bond

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11
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Simple sugars

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12
Q

Ribose

A

C5H10O5: 5 carbon sugar

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13
Q

Glucose

A

C6H12O6: carbonyl group and hydroxyl group

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14
Q

Cellular respiration

A

Cells extract energy in a series of reactions starting with glucose
C6H12O6+6O2=6CO2+6H2O+ATP

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15
Q

Glycosidic linkagee

A

A covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a condensation reaction

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16
Q

Isomer

A

Compounds with the same molecular formulas but different structural formulas

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17
Q

Structural polysaccharide

A

Cellulose and Chitin

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18
Q

Storage polysaccharide

A

Starch and glycogen: releases energy by hydrolysis

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19
Q

Fatty acid

A

hydrocarbon tail

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20
Q

Glycerol

A

An alcohol with three carbons, each with a hydroxyl group

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21
Q

Ester linkage

A

Bond between hydroxyl group and carboxyl group

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22
Q

Unsaturated fat

A

At room temp the molecules cannot pack closely enough together to solidify because of kinks in their fatty acid hydrocarbon chains: i.e. one or more double bonds

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23
Q

Trans fat

A

Produced when hydrogenating vegetable oils

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24
Q

Phospholipid

Study These Flashcards
A

Two fatty acid tails, glycerol joined to a phosphate group, hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic heads

25
Polypeptides
Polymers of amino acids
26
Amino acid components
Amine group, central carbon, carboxyl group, hydrogen and R group
27
Peptide bond
Covalent chemical bond between two amino acids
28
Protein structure: Primary
Sequence of amino acids chained together by condensation reactions and peptide bonds
29
Protein structure: Secondary
A helix and B pleated sheet: held together by hydrogen bonds
30
Protein structure: Tertiary
Involves R groups, hydrogen bonds and disulfide bridges
31
Denaturation
Protein loses shape: caused by pH, salt concentration and temp
32
Chaperonins
Assist in proper folding of other proteins
33
Purine
Nitrogen containing base (Adenine, Guanine)
34
Pyrimoine
Smaller than purine (Thymine, Cytosine)
35
Phosphediester linkage
Bond from one phosphate group to other nucleotide
36
Metabolism
All chemical reactions that happen in the cell
37
Catabolic pathways
Exergonic, hydrolysis: release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler ones
38
Anabolic pathways
Endergonic, condensation reaction: consumer energy to build molecules from simpler ones
39
Energy
capacity to do work
40
2nd law of thermodynamics
Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe
41
Entropy
chaos, disorder
42
Free energy
Portion of a systems energy that can be used to do work
43
ATP
Powers cellular work by energy coupling
44
Energy coupling
Exergonic to endergonic
45
Work of ATP
Mechanical: contraction of muscle cells Transport: pump substances across membrane Chemical: pushing exergonic reactions to react
46
Structure of ATP
Adenosine Triphosphate: Adenine+Ribose+Phosphate (3)
47
Enzyme
Catalytic proteins that speed up a reaction by lowering the activation energy - can be reused
48
Substrate
What the enzyme acts on - induced fit
49
Active site
The region on the enzyme that binds to the substrate
50
Allosteric inhibitor
Deforms active site
51
Van der Waals
"Gecko toes"
52
Allosteric activator
Stabilizes active site
53
Photosynthesis
Endergonic
54
Phosphorylated
When an ATP phosphate is transferred to a second molecule
55
Methane formula
One less hydrogen than water and non polar
56
Matter
Anything that takes up space and has mass
57
Element
A substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by chemical reaction
58
Compound
A substance consisting of tow or more elements combined

Biology (12 decks)

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