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HL Vocab Flashcards

(57 cards)

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1
Q

Chemiosmosis

A

A process that synthesizes ATP by the diffusion of hydrogen protons across a biological membrane via the ATP synthase (a transport protein) due to a proton gradient that forms on the other side of the membrane

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2
Q

Gene

A

A heritable factor that controls a specific characteristic

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3
Q

Allele

A

One specific form of a gene, differing from other alleles by one or a few bases only and occupying the same gene locus as other alleles of the gene

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4
Q

Genome

A

The whole of the genetic information of an organism

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5
Q

Gene mutation

A

A change in the base sequence of a gene on DNA. This could be by substitution, deletion, or insertion of a base or bases

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6
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A

A pair of chromosomes containing the same linear gene sequences, each derived from one parent

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7
Q

Genotype

A

The alleles possessed by an organism

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8
Q

Phenotype

A

The characteristics of an organism

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9
Q

Dominant allele

A

An allele that has the same effect on the phenotype whether it is present in the homozygous or heterozygous state, i.e. masks the effects of recessive alleles

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10
Q

Recessive allele

A

An allele that only had an effect on the phenotype when present in the homozygous state

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11
Q

Codominant alleles

A

Pairs of alleles that both affect the phenotype when present in a heterozygote

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12
Q

Locus

A

The particular position on homologous chromosomes of a gene

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13
Q

Homozygous

A

Having two identical alleles of a gene

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14
Q

Heterozygous

A

Having two different alleles of a gene

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15
Q

Carrier

A

An individual that has a recessive allele of a gene that does not have an effect on their phenotype

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16
Q

Test cross

A

Testing a suspected heterozygote by crossing it with a known homozygous recessive

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17
Q

Sex linkage

A

Genes found on sex chromosomes are said to be sex linked

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18
Q

Genetic screening

A

Testing an individual for the presence of absence of a gene

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19
Q

Clone

A

A group of genetically identical organisms or a group of cells artificially derived from a single parent cell

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20
Q

Organic

A

Compounds containing carbon that are found in living organisms

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21
Q

Enzyme

A

Proteins that act as biological catalysts, speeding the rate at which biochemical reactions proceed but not altering the direction of nature of the reactions

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22
Q

Active site

A

A specific region of an enzyme where a substrate binds and catalysis takes place

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23
Q

Denaturation

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A

A structural change in a protein that results in a loss of its biological properties

24
Q

Degenerate

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A

Having more than one base triplet to code for one amino acid

25
Universal
Found in all living organisms
26
Cell respiration
Controlled release of energy in the form of ATP from organic compounds in cells
27
Organelle
A discrete structure within a cell, with a specific function
28
Tissue
A group of cells similar to each other along with their associated intercellular substances, which perform the same function within a multicellular organism
29
Organ
A group of tissues which work together as a single unit to perform a particular function within a multicellular organism
30
Organ system
A group of organs, vessels, glands, other tissues, and/or pathways which work together to perform a body function within a multicellular organism
31
Diffusion
The passive movement of mater molecules, across a partial permeable membrane, from a region of lower solute concentration to a region of higher solute concentration
32
Osmosis
The passive movement of water molecules, across a partial permeable membrane, from a region of lower solute concentration to a region of higher solute concentration
33
Ecology
The study of relationships between living organisms and between organisms and their environment
34
Ecosystem
A community and its abiotic environment
35
Population
A group of organisms of the same species who live in the same area at the same time
36
Community
A group of populations living and interacting with each other in an area
37
Species
A group of organisms which can interbreed and produce fertile offspring
38
Habitat
The environment in which a species normally lives of the location of a living organism
39
Autotroph
Producer; it makes its own food and does not require previously formed organic materials from the environment
40
Heterotroph
Consumer; an organism that requires chemical energy from already formed organic molecules
41
Detritivore
An animal that consumes decomposing organic particles, deriving nutrition primarily from microbes on the particles
42
Saprotroph
Decomposer; an organism that feeds by secreting digestive enzymes onto its food source and absorbing the products of digestion, ex. fungi and bacteria
43
Trophic level
Stage in a food chain or web leading from primary producers through primary consumers to secondary and tertiary consumers
44
Carrying capactiy
Maximum average number or biomass of organisms that be sustained in a habitat over the long term. Usually refers to a particular species but can be applied to more than one
45
Random sample
A method to ensure that every individual in a population has an equal chance of being observed
46
Evolution
The process of cumulative change int he heritable characteristics of a population
47
Pathogen
An organism or virus that causes a disease
48
Excretion
The removal of metabolic waste products from the body
49
Transpiration
The loss of water vapor from the leaves and stems of plants (out of the stomata)
50
Adhesion
Water sticking to things due to polar nature
51
Cohesion
Water sticking to itself due to hydrogen bonding
52
Polygenic inheritance
Characteristics controlled by more than one gene
53
Nucleosome
A length of DNA coiled around a core of histones
54
Transcription
DNA is copied into mRNA
55
Translation
mRNA is decoded by a ribosome to produce a polypeptide chain (proteins)
56
Recombination
The reassortment of genes or characters into different combinations from those of the parents
57
Linkage Group
A pair or set of genes that are close together on a chromosome and tend to be inherited together

Biology (12 decks)

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