Cell Biology Flashcards
(139 cards)
1
Q
four classes ofa organic molecules
A
Lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids
2
Q
Monosaccharide
A
Single sugar molecule
3
Q
Examples of monosaccharides
A
Glucose, fructose, galactose
4
Q
Number of carbons in glucose and fructose
A
6
5
Q
Disaccharide
A
Two sugar molecules joined by a glycosidic linkage
6
Q
Examples of disaccharides
A
Lactose, sucrose, maltose
7
Q
Polysaccharides
A
Series of connected sugar molecules
8
Q
Function of starch
A
Energy storage in plant cels
9
Q
Function of glycogen
A
Energy storage in animal cells
10
Q
Cellulose
A
Structural support in plant cells
11
Q
Chitin
A
Structural in walls of fungus and arthropod exoskeletons
12
Q
Lipids
A
Hydrophobic molecules
13
Q
Functions of lipids
A
Insulation, energy storage, structural, endocrine
14
Q
Triglycerides are found in ___
A
fats and oils
15
Q
Triglycerides are composed of
A
A glycerol molecule connected to three fatty acid tails
16
Q
Saturated triglycerides
A
No double bonds in fatty acid tails
17
Q
Monounsaturated triglycerides
A
One double bond in fatty acid tail
18
Q
Polyunsaturated triglycerides
A
two or more double bonds in fatty acid tail
19
Q
Structure of phospholipids
A
Glycerol group and phosphate group. Two fatty acid tails
20
Q
Amphipathic phospholipids
A
Fatty acid tails are non polar hydrophobic and glycerol and phosphate are polar hydrophilic
21
Q
Function of phospholipids
A
Forms cell membrane
22
Q
Glycolipids
A
Phospholipid but contains carbohydrate instead of phosphate group
23
Q
Steroid Structure
A
Backbone of four linked carbon rings
24
Q
Proteins
A
Polymers of covalently bonded amino acids
25
Structure of amino acid
Central carbon with an amino (NH3), carboxyl (COOH), hydrogen (H), and (R) group
26
What does peptide bond formation produce?
Water
27
Types of proteins
Storage, transport, defensive, enzymes
28
Primary protein structure
Amino acid sequence
29
Secondary Protein structure
Localized folds due to hydrogen bonding
30
Tertiary protein structure
Overall 3D shape of protein due to interactions within protein
31
Quaternary protein structure
2 or more peptide chains coming together by protein bonding. Not present in all proteins.
32
Protein denaturation
Structures above secondary protein structure are removed from the protein. Protein is not broken down into individual amino acids.
33
Nucleotides
Phosphate group, sugar, and nitrogenous base
34
Nucleoside
Sugar and nitrogenous base
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Purines
Adenine, Guanine
36
Pyrimidines
Cytosine, Uracil*, Thymine
37
Dogma of genetics
Dna to Rna to Protein
38
Endosymbiont Theory
Mitochondria and chloroplasts were independent prokaryotes who were engulfed by a larger cell, forming eukaryotic cells
39
Prokaryotic Cells
Unicellular cells with small ribosomes and no cytoskeleton. No internal membranes or organelles. Nucleoside region. Single circular chromosome. Plasmid can be present.
40
Photoautrotrophs
Use photosynthesis to make their food from sunlight
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Chemoautotrophs
Use chemosynthesis to make food from inorganic molecules (H2S, NH3, etc.)
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Heterotrophs
Obtain energy by consuming either autotrophs or products made by autotrophs
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Obligate Anaerobe
Survives only when NO OXYGEN is present
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Obligate Aerobe
Needs oxygen
45
Facultative Anaerobe
In absence of oxygen, can switch from aerobe to anaerobe
46
Nucleus
Contains chromosomes wrapped into histones. Surrounding by semi-permeable nuclear membrane.
47
Nucleolus
Site of ribosome formation
48
Ribosome
"Protein factories"
49
Two locations ribosomes can be found?
Rough ER, free-floating in cytoplasm
50
Ribosomes on rough ER create proteins that ____
Are destined to leave the cell
51
Ribosomes free-floating in cytoplasm create proteins that ____
Stay in the cell
52
Rough ER
Contains ribosomes that function in protein synthesis
53
Smooth Er
Synthesizes steroid hormones and lipids. Stores calcium in muscle cells for contraction. Detox.
54
Golgi Apparatus
Packages products from rough ER and sends them to their destination
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Lysosomes
Sacs that contain enzymes for digestion
56
Mitochondria
Makes ATP. HAs own DNA and ribosomes
57
Peroxisomes
Detox by turning H2O2 into H2O
58
Cell wall
Structural support in plants and fungi. ANIMALS DONT HAVE THESE
59
Extracellular Matrix
Area between adjacent cells filled with fibrous structural proteins. Provides support and helps bind adjacent cells
60
Plastids
Contain chloroplasts and leucoplasts in plants
61
Cytoskeleton only in _____ cells
Eukaryotic
62
Microtubules
Made of tubulin. Forms spindle fibres during cell division. Found in flagella and cilia.
63
Microfilaments
Made of actin. Cell motility.
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Intermediate filaments
Structural support for cells
65
Cell membrane
Semi permeable membrane that surrounds the cell. Double phospholipid bilayer. Contains cholesterol for support.
66
Active Transport requires ____
ATP
67
Types of endocytosis
Phagocytosis (cell-eating) Pinocytosis (cell-drinking) Receptor Mediated Endocytosis (form of pinocytosis where specific fluid molecules bind to receptors)
68
Passive Transport
Molecules move down concentration gradient without the need for ATP
69
Facilitated Diffusion
Movement of solutes or water through hydrophilic protein channel
70
Osmosis
Diffusion involving water
71
Plasmolysis
The collapse of a cell as a result of too much water exiting it
72
Dialysis
Diffusion of solutes across a selective membrane
73
Bulk Flow
Movement of a fluid in one direction in an organism (example: blood moving through humans)
74
Anchoring Junctions (Desmosomes)
Anchor cells to each other
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Tight Junctions
Seal. Prevent things passing from cell to cell.
76
Gap junctions
Allows ions and small molecules to move between cells
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Plasmodesmata
Gap junctions in plant cells
78
Qurom Sensing
Bacteria secrete communication molecules
79
Gap Junction / Plasmodesmata signalling
Direct molecule transfer between cells
80
Paracrine Signals
Localized signals released as growth factors
81
Endocrine signals
Long distance
82
G1 Interphase
Growth
83
S Interphase
growth and DNA duplication
84
G2 interphase
Prepare to divide
85
Events of prophase of mitosis
Nuclear envelope disappears. Chromatin condenses into chromosomes. Mitotic spindle is formed.
86
Events of metaphase of mitosis
Chromosomes align on metaphase plate. Chromosomes are attached to spindle fibres.
87
Events of anaphase of mitosis
Chromosomes pulled apart into sister chromatids
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Events of telophase of mitosis
Chromosomes decondense. Nuclear envelope reforms.
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Events of cytokinesis mitosis
Cell plate (plants) or cleavage furrow (animals) is formed, splitting the cell in two
90
Events of prophase meiosis
Chromatin decondenses, spindle develops, nuclear envelop disappears. Synapsis occurs (pairing of homologous chromosomes) Crossing over occurs
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Events of metaphase I meiosis
tetrads align on metaphase plate
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Events of anaphase I meiosis
Tetrads pulled apart
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Events of telophase I meiosis
Nuclear envelope reforms.
94
G1 Checkpoint
Can division be undertaken?
95
G2 Checkpoint
Was DNA replicated succesfully?
96
M checkpoint
Are all chromosomes attached to spindle fibers during metaphase?
97
G0 phase
Cell does not divide due to being rejected at G1 checkpoint
98
Density dependent inhibition cell division
If area around cell is too dense, division ceases
99
Enzymes
Lower a reaction's activation energy. Doesn't change energy absorbed or released during a process.
100
Effect of high temperatures on enzymes
Denaturation
101
Effect of extreme pH on enzymes
Denaturation
102
Allosteric Regulation
regulation of an enzyme by a binding molecule at a site other than the enzyme's active site
103
Allosteric Enzymes
HAve both a site for allosteric binding and an active site
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Feedback inhibition
End product of reaction inhibits and disables enzyme
105
Competitive Inhibition
A substance can mic substrate and enter the active site
106
Non-competitive Inhibition
A substance binds to a point on the enzyme that warps its shape and disables it
107
Cooperativity
When one substrate binds to enzyme, its affinity for other substrates increases
108
Entropy
Degree of disorder in a system. Entropy of universe always increasing
109
First Law of Thermodynamics
Energy can't be created or destroyed. Can only be transferred.
110
Second Law of Thermodynamics
All energy transfer increases the entropy of the universe
111
Order of appearance of life
Inorganic molecules, small organic molecules, proteinoids, protocells, heterotrophs, autotrophs, eukaryotes
112
Where does glycolysis occur?
Cytosol
113
Where does the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl coA occur?
Cytosol
114
Where does Krebs cycle occur?
Mictochondria
115
Where does electron transport chain occur?
Mitochondria
116
What is glycolysis converted to in the first step of glycolysis.
PGAL
117
In glycolysis, once glucose produces?
2 pyruvate, 1 NADH, 4 ATP
118
What happens after glycolysis?
Pyruvate becomes acetyl coA
119
What happens after acetyl coA is formed
Krebs
120
What is produced for every acetyl coA that enters the Krebs cycle?
3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 2 CO2, 1 GTP
121
What is produced for every two turns of the KRebs cycle?
6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 4 CO2, 2 GTP
122
What is the final electron acceptor in the ETC?
Oxygen
123
What does the acceptance of electrons by oxygen form?
Water
124
What is the ATP generating turbine?
ATP synthase
125
How does the ATP generating turbine turn?
Uses energy from H+ gradient
126
Gluconeogenesis
Generation of glucose form non-carbohydrate substances. Happens in liver and kidney
127
Fermentation . What happens?
Occurs anaerobically. Pyruvate becomes acetaldehyde which becomes ethanol, meaning that NADH can become NAD+
128
Lactic Acid Buildup. What happens?
Pyruvate becomes lactic acid. NADH becomes NAD+
129
Non-cyclic light-dependent photosynthesis
Light absorbed at PSII. 2 electrons in PSII excited and go to ETC. H+ protons go into thylakoid membrane and ATP is produced. Electrons go to PS1 and repeat process. When done, they reduce NADP+ to NADPH.
130
Cyclic Light dependent photosynthesis
Instead of reducing NADP+ to NADPH, electrons go back to PSII once having gone through the ETC
131
Where does Calvin Cycle occur?
Stroma (fluid filled space between membranes)
132
Carboxylation (Calvin)
6 CO2 + 6RuBP = 12 PGA
133
Reduction (calvin)
12 ATP + 12 NADPH makes 12 PGA into 12 PGAL
134
Regeneration
Ten of twelve PGAL become 6 RUBP
135
Carb synth (calivin)
remaining 2 PGAL become glucose
136
C3 Plants
Photosynthesis efficiency reduced by 25%
137
Glyoxysomes
Peroxisome equivalent in plants
138
What structure in plant roots and kidney cells allows for faster osmosis?
Aquaporins
139
Where is the ETC?
Inner membrane of mitochondria
