Developmental Bio

Question 1

Function of epididymus

Answer 1

Sperm storage and maturation

Question 2

Vas deferens function

Answer 2

Transfers sperm to urethra

Question 3

Function of penis

Answer 3

Transfers sperm to outside, houses urethra

Question 4

Function of seminiferous vesicles

Answer 4

Secrete substances that aid with ejaculation

Question 5

Function of prostate gland

Answer 5

Neutralizes acidity of vagina

Question 6

Bulbourethral glands

Answer 6

Secrete fluids that lubricate urethra

Question 7

Process of sperm generation

Answer 7

Starts in seminiferous tubules. Spermatogonia stem cells undergo mitosis to become primary spermatocytes. Meiosis I occurs. Secondary spermatocytes. Meiosis II occurs. Spermatids. Spermatids travel to epididymis to mature, becoming spermatozoa. Nourished by sertorli cells

Question 8

Components of sperm head

Answer 8

Nucleus and Acrosome

Question 9

Acrosome

Answer 9

Located in interior of sperm head. Has enzymes necessary for penetrating the egg. From Golgi apparatus.

Question 10

Contents of neck of sperm

Answer 10

Contains mitochondria

Question 11

Sperm tail is made up of ______

Answer 11

Flagella

Question 12

Ovaries

Answer 12

Site of ovum storage

Question 13

Oviduct

Answer 13

Pathway from ovaries to uterus

Question 14

Uterus

Answer 14

Contains endometrium

Question 15

Endometrium

Answer 15

Cushion of blood cells where embryo develops

Question 16

Cervix

Answer 16

Connects vagina to uterus

Question 17

Process of oogenesis

Answer 17

Oogonium cells undergo mitosis to produce two primary oocytes. Primary oocytes undergo meiosis I but stop at prophase I until puberty. Meiosis I occurs and a secondary oocyte and polar body is produced. If the secondary oocyte is fertilized it becomes a ootid. Ootid becomes ovum.

Question 18

Follicular Phase

Answer 18

Follicle secretes estrogen, allowing primary oocyte to become secondary oocyte

Question 19

Ovulation

Answer 19

Mature ovum released from follicle (now called corpus lateum)

Question 20

Luteal Phase

Answer 20

Corpus luteum secretes estrogen and proestrogen

Question 21

Proliferative Phase

Answer 21

Endometrium thickens

Question 22

Secretory phase

Answer 22

Endometrium is maintained by proestrogen from corpus luteum

Question 23

Menstrual Phase

Answer 23

Endometrium is expelled through vagina

Question 24

Name of a mature follicle

Answer 24

Corpus luteum

Question 25

Ovulation occurs due to a spike in ?

Answer 25

LH hormone

Question 26

Capacitation

Answer 26

Dissolving of sperm cholesterol coat upon entering the vagina

Question 27

Pathway of sperm into ovum

Answer 27

Corona radiata, zone pellucida, acrosome releases digestive enzymes, fusion of sperm with ovum, meiosis II happens in ovum to finalize fertilization

Question 28

Methods of blocking polyspermy

Answer 28

Fast block (depolarization), cortical reaction

Question 29

Depolarization of fertilized ovum

Answer 29

Na+ enters ovum

Question 30

Cortical reaction

Answer 30

Releases calcium 2+ , triggering the release of cortical vesicles which from a fertilization membrane

Question 31

Monozygotic twins

Answer 31

Zygote divides into separate zygotes

Question 32

Dizygotic twins

Answer 32

Two zygotes carrying different genetic material

Question 33

Determinate Cleavage

Answer 33

Produces cells with a developmental fate. Found in protostomes.

Question 34

Indeterminate Cleavage

Answer 34

Produces cells without a developmental fate. Common in deuterosomes.

Question 35

Holoblastic cleavage

Answer 35

Occurs when little yolk is present (humans) Lead to even blastomeres

Question 36

Meroblastic cleavage

Answer 36

Occurs with abundance of yolk. Lead to uneven blastomeres

Question 37

Morula

Answer 37

Occurs after 8-cell stage. Allows for differentiation into outer trophoblast and inner intercellular mass

Question 38

Blastula

Answer 38

Contains blastocoel. Zygote implants into the uterus

Question 39

Gastrulation Process

Answer 39

Formation of endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. Internal cavity arises.

Question 40

What does the endoderm give rise to?

Answer 40

Digestive organs, lungs, etc

Question 41

What does the mesoderm give rise to?

Answer 41

Heart, muscles, skeletal system

Question 42

What does the ectoderm give rise to?

Answer 42

Skin, hair, nervous system

Question 43

Process of neurulation

Answer 43

Mesoderm forms notochord, ectoderm forms neural plate. Neural tube becomes CNS. Neural crest becomes PNS.

Question 44

Amnion

Answer 44

Innermost layer of embryo. Provides amniotic fluid to cushion embryo.

Question 45

Yolk Sac

Answer 45

Nourishment to embryo in birds and reptiles

Question 46

Allantois

Answer 46

Transports waste

Question 47

Chorion

Answer 47

Forms placenta

Question 48

What structure gives rise to the placenta?

Answer 48

Chorion

Question 49

What structure gives rise to the umbilical cord?

Answer 49

Allantois

Question 50

Function of yolk in birds and reptiles

Answer 50

Nutrition of embryo

Question 51

Function of yolk in mammals

Answer 51

Site of RBC formation

Question 52

Function of allantois in birds and reptiles

Answer 52

Site of uric acid excretion

Question 53

Function of chorion in reptiles

Answer 53

Gas exchange