Systems Flashcards

(148 cards)

1
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

Protective tissues covering exposed regions of the body

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2
Q

Nervous tissues

A

Involved in conducting signals from nervous system

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3
Q

Connective Tissues

A

Structural tissues

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4
Q

Organs vs Organ Systems

A

Organ: heart Organ system: circulatory system

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5
Q

Negative feedback

A

Receptor signals control centre signals effector to bring body to homeostasis

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6
Q

Ecotherms

A

Cold-blooded. Obtain heat from environment

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7
Q

Endotherms

A

Hot-blooded. Generate own heat.

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8
Q

Function of gills

A

Diffuse oxygen from water into the blood of the animal

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9
Q

Respiration of simple animals occurs by _____

A

diffusion

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10
Q

Tracheae

A

Tubular chitinous system in grasshoppers where O2 enters through spiracles

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11
Q

Pathway of air as it enters the body

A

Pharynx larynx trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveolus, alveoli

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12
Q

Inspiration

A

Diaphragm contracts downward. External intercostal muscles contract upwards, increasing thoracic volume. Creates gradient

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13
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A

Controls respiration

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14
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Monitor concentration of O2 and pH in our blood

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15
Q

Open circulatory systems contain ____

A

Hemolymph

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16
Q

Blood flow circuit starting at body

A

Body RA Tricuspid RV Pulmonary Valve Pulmonary Arteries Lungs Pulmonary Veins LA Mitral Valve LV Aorta Body

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17
Q

Process of contraction

A

SA node, AV node, Bundle of HIS, left and right bundle branches, Purkinje fibers, contraction

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18
Q

Systole

A

Contraction of ventricles. Semilunars are open. AV valves are closed

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19
Q

Diastole

A

Relaxation of ventricles. Semilunars closed. AV valves open

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20
Q

What causes movement of blood through arteries?

A

Hydrostatic pressure

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21
Q

Erythrocytes are ____

A

red blood cells

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22
Q

Leukocytes are ____

A

White blood cells

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23
Q

Platelets are?

A

Cell fragments that lack nuclei and are involved in clot formation

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24
Q

What is plasma?

A

Aqueous, non-cellular portion of blood

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25
What does the lymphatic system do?
Filters the blood
26
Pathway of blood through kidneys?
Kidney, converted to urine, ureter, bladder, urethra
27
Outer layer of kidney?
Cortex
28
Inner part of kidney
Medulla
29
What do nephrons do?
Produce urine
30
CNS
Brain and spinal cord
31
Frontal Lobe
REgion of cerebral cortex. Involved in higher order functions
32
Parietal Lobe
REgion of cerebral cortex. Integrates sensory information
33
Occipital Lobe
Back of cerebral cortex. Visual processing
34
Temporal Lobe
Audition
35
Corpus callosum
Bundle of neurons bridging both sides of brain
36
Cerebellum
Movement and balance
37
Hypothalamus
Homeostasis
38
Hippocampus
Memory
39
Medulla
Breathing, heart rate
40
PNs
Not CNS
41
Somatic Nervous System
Under voluntary control
42
Autonomic Nervous System
Involuntary control
43
Sympathetic NS
Fight or flight
44
Parasympathetic NS
Rest and digest
45
Part of neuron that receives input
Dendrite
46
Soma is another word for____
Cell body
47
Function of axon
Send impulses
48
Sensory neurons
Transfer info to brain
49
Interneurons/association neurons
In between sensory and motor neurons
50
Motor neurons
Transfer info from brain
51
Depolarization
Na+ moves into cell, decreasing its negative potential
52
Repolarization
K+ exits the cell, increasing its negative potential
53
Hyperpolarization
Refractory period of cell. Cell is very negative potential
54
Resting neuron potential
-70 mV
55
Threshold potential of neuron
-55 mV
56
Hyperpolarization/refractory phase potential of neuron
-90 mV
57
What is the myeline sheath made up of?
Schwann Cells in PNS and oligodendrocytes in CNS
58
Most common neurotransmitters
Glutamate, GABA
59
What happens in the mouth?
Chewing and salivary amylase breaks down food into a bolus
60
Peristalsis
Involuntary contractions of digestive tract to move food
61
What happens when food moves through pharynx?
Epiglottis covers glottis to prevent food entry into airway
62
What happens in the esophagus
Esophageal sphincter opens and peristalsis occurs
63
Parts of stomach
Fundus, body, antrum
64
Mucous cells in stomach
Line stomach to protect it from acidic environment
65
Chief cells in stomach
Synthesize pepsinogen, which is converted to pepsin
66
Parietal cells in stomach
Necessary to absorb vitamin B12
67
What is the bolus called when mixed by the stomach?
Chyme
68
First portion of small intestine
Duodenum
69
Second portion of small intestine
Jejunem
70
Final portion of SI
Ileum
71
Purpose of villi in intestine
Increase SA for more effective absorption
72
Function of secretin
Stimulates secretion of bicarbonate, reducing acidity of the chyme
73
Function of gastrin
Stimulates secretion of gastric juices
74
Function of cholecystokinin
Stimulates bile release from gall bladder
75
Pathway of food
Mouth pharynx esophagus stomach SI (duodenum, jejunem, ileum) LI, rectum, anus
76
Function of gall bladder
Store bile
77
Function of liver
Secrete bile
78
Function of bile
Emulsifies fat
79
Characteristics of skeletal muscle
Long, thin, multinucleated, striated
80
Characteristics of smooth muscle
Disordered, circular, lines walls of organs under control of autonomic system, non striated
81
Characteristics of cardiac muscle
Short, branched, mononucleated, controls involuntary contractions of the heart, striated
82
First line of immune defense
Skin, cilia, gastric juice, symbiotic bacteria, antimicrobial proteins
83
Function of neutrophils
Most abundant leukocyte. Deal with bacterial and fungal infections
84
Function of eosinophiles
Deal with parasitic infections
85
Function of basophiles
Involved in allergic response
86
What are the granculocytes?
Neutrophiles, eosinophils, basophphiles
87
Components of innate immunity
Granulocytes, dendritic cells, macrophages
88
Function of helper T cells
Stimulate other immune cells
89
Function of cytotoxic and natural killer T cells
Destroy cells marked for destruction
90
Function of memory T cells
Remember infection
91
Function of B cells
Secrete antibodies to fight pathogens
92
Active Immunity
Occurs from direct exposure to pathogen (through immune response or vaccines)
93
Passive Immunity
Occurs from indirect response to pathogen
94
Function of plasma B cells
Secrete antibodies
95
Function of memory B cells
Remember pathogen
96
What is the outer layer of the skin called?
Epidermis
97
What is the inner layer of the skin called?
Dermis
98
What is cartilage synthesized by?
Chondrocytes
99
Most common type of cartilage in body?
Hyaline
100
Bone is made up of?
Mineralized collagen fibers
101
Dense bone
Compact, makes up most of the bone in the body
102
Spongy bone
Less dense bone matrix made up of a lattice of spicules/trabuchalae
103
Function of osteoblasts
Build bone
104
Function of osteoclasts
Chew bone
105
Axial Skeleton
Skull, rib cage, spine -- forms axis of body
106
Appendicular Skeleton
Bones of arms, legs, etc.
107
Sclera
Thick, opaque layer covering eyeball (whites of the eye)
108
Cornea
Refracts and bends light
109
Pupil
Allows light to pass into eye
110
Lens
Focuses light on cornea, controlled by ciliary muscles
111
Vitreous Humour
Maintains eyeshape
112
Retina
Contains light-sensitive cells
113
Cones
Cells responsible for day vision in retina
114
Rods
Cells responsible for night vision in retina
115
Hyperopia
Far sightedness
116
Myopia
Near sightedness
117
Glaucoma
Pressure buildup within eye
118
Astigmatism
Irregularly shaped cornea
119
Cataracts
Part of lens becomes opaque
120
Path of light into eye
Cornea, pupil, lens, retina
121
Pathway of sound into ear
Pinna/auricle, auditory canal, tympanic membrane, ossicles, cochlea, semicircular canals
122
Outer Ear
Pinna/auricles, auditory canal
123
Middle Ear
Tympanic membrane and ossicles
124
Inner Ear
Cochlea and semicircular canals
125
Pinna/Auricles
Direct sound into auditory canals
126
Auditory canals
Direct sound to middle ear
127
Tympanic membrane
vibrates with frequency of air
128
Ossicles
Malleus, incus, stapes. Transfer oscillations
129
Cochlea
Contains cochlea fluid that is disrupted by oscillations
130
Semicircular Canals
Contain hairs that are disrupted by disturbance to the cochlear fluid
131
The hypothalamus works closely with the ?
Pituitary gland
132
Anterior pituitary gland
Secretes tropic hormones that stimulate other hormone glands
133
Posterior pituitary gland
Secretes hormones that have a direct effect on the target tissue
134
Pancreas
Hormonal gland
135
Alpha cells in pancreas
Secrete glucagon. Increase blood glucose levels
136
Beta cells in pancreas
Secretes insulin to increase glucose uptake by cells, decreasing glucose levels in the blood
137
Steroid hormones
Diffuse through cell membrane and go directly to nucleus
138
Peptide hormones
Require receptor mediated endocytosis to be uptaken by cells
139
Amino acid hormones
Derived from tyrosine and tryptophan
140
Function, type and place of origin of glucagon
Increases blood glucose levels, pancreas, peptide
141
Function and origin of insulin, type
Decreases blood glucose levels, pancreas, peptide
142
Function and origin of cortisol, type
Increase blood glucose levels, cortex, steroid
143
Function, type, and origin of aldosterone
Increase reabsorption of Na+, steroid, cortex
144
Function, type, and origin of calcitonin
Uptake of calcium by bones, peptide
145
Function, type, and origin of FSH
Follicular Stimulating hormone, stimulates maturation of follicles, anterior pituitary
146
Functionn, type, and origin of LH
Lutenizing hormone, stimulates maturation of corpus luteum, peptide
147
Prolactin
Stimulates mammary glands, normal hormone, peptide
148
Melatonin
Pineal gland, regulation of sleep cycles, amino acid hormone