Cell Biology- PAPER 1

Question 1

What is the cytoplasm and what does it do?

Answer 1

Gel-like substance where most of the chemical reactions happen. It contains enzymes that control these reactions.

Question 2

What is the nucleus and what does it do?

Answer 2

Contains genetic material, including DNA, which controls the cell’s activities.

Question 3

What is the cell membrane and what does it do?

Answer 3

Its structure is permeable to some substances but not to others. It therefore controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell.

Question 4

What is the Mitochondria and what does it do?

Answer 4

Where most of the reactions for aerobic reactions take place.

Question 5

What is the Ribosomes and what does it do?

Answer 5

Where proteins are made in the cell

Question 6

What is the Chloroplast and what does it do?

Answer 6

where photosynthesis occurs. Contain a green substance called chlorophyll which absorbs the light needed for photosynthesis

Question 7

What is the Cell wall and what does it do?

Answer 7

Made of cellulose. Supports the cell and strengths it

Question 8

What is the Permanent vacuole and what does it do?

Answer 8

contains cell sap, a weak solution of sugar and salts

Question 9

What are eukaryotic cells?

Answer 9

Complex cells e.g. animal and plant cells

Question 10

What are prokaryotic cells?

Answer 10

Small and simple cells e.g. bacteria

Question 11

What are eukaryotes?

Answer 11

Organisms that are made up of eukaryotic cells

Question 12

What is a prokaryotic?

Answer 12

A prokaryotic cell (a single-celled organism)

Question 13

If come across this card click and watch video (Microscopy)

Answer 13

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vRNqshwPDe0

Question 14

What is differentiation?

Answer 14

the process in which a cell changes to become specialised for its job

Question 15

What is an example of a specialized cell and what it is specialized for?

Answer 15

Sperm cells- Reproduction
Nerve cells- Rapid signalling
muscle cells- Concentration
root hair cells- absorbing water and minerals
phloem and xylem cells- transporting substances

Question 16

What are stem cells?

Answer 16

undifferentiated cells that can turn into any type of cell

Question 17

Where are stem cells found?

Answer 17

early human embryos and bone marrow

Question 18

What do normal microscopes allow us too see?

Answer 18

let us see things we cant see with the naked eye

Question 19

What do light microscopes allow us too see?

Answer 19

light microscopes use light and lenses to form and image of a specimen and magnify it. Let us see individual cells and large sub cellular structures.

Question 20

What do electron microscopes allow us too see?

Answer 20

Use electrons to form an image with a high resolution which allows us to see small things in lots of detail.

Question 21

how do you calculate the magnification?

Answer 21

magnification = image size / real size

Question 22

If come across this card click and watch video (microbiology practical)

Answer 22

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BkbLI2mAMP8

Question 23

Where are chromosomes?

Answer 23

In the nucleus’ genetic material

Question 24

What are chromosmes?

Answer 24

coiled up lengths of DNA molecules

Question 25

What does each chromosome carry?

Answer 25

large number of genes

Question 26

what do genes control?

Answer 26

Development of different charcteristics

Question 27

What is mitosis?

Answer 27

When a cell divides

Question 28

What are the steps of mitosis?

Answer 28

1. chromosomes line up at centre of cell and cell fibres pull them apart
   2.membranes form around each of the sets of chromosomes which become the nuclei of the two new cells - the nucleus has divided
   3.Lastly the cytoplasm and cell membrane divide
   The cell has now produced tow new daughter cells which are identical to the parent cell

Question 29

What are the two main stages of the cell cycle?

Answer 29

• growth and DNA replication

- mitosis

Question 30

What is the cell cycle for?

Answer 30

Growth and repair

Question 31

What is diffusion?

Answer 31

The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

Question 32

Where can diffusion happen and why?

Answer 32

Solutions and gases because particles are free to move about randomly

Question 33

What are some reasons that diffusion can happen faster?

Answer 33

• A big concentration gradient
• high temperature as particles have more energy
• large surface area of membrane

Question 34

What is osmosis?

Answer 34

the movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration

Question 35

If come across this card click and watch video (osmosis)

Answer 35

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ef2Ts2AKhq8

Question 36

What is active transport?

Answer 36

where substances need to be absorbed against a concentration gradient (similar to diffusion but uses energy)

Question 37

What root hair cells adapted to help active transport?

Answer 37

Have millions of microscopic hairs which give it large surface area