Infection and Response- PAPER 1

Question 1

What are pathogens?

Answer 1

microorganisms that enter the body and cause disease

Question 2

What can pathogens be?

Answer 2

bacteria, viruses, protists or fungi

Question 3

How do bacteria make you feel ill?

Answer 3

produce toxins that damage cells and tissue

Question 4

Hod do viruses make you feel ill?

Answer 4

live inside your cells and replicate themselves before eventually causing the cell to burst

Question 5

What are some ways pathogens spread?

Answer 5

• water
• air
• direct contact

Question 6

How are measles spread?

Answer 6

spread by droplets from an infected person sneeze or cough that contains the virus

Question 7

What are symptoms of measles?

Answer 7

• red skin rash

- fever

Question 8

How is HIV spread?

Answer 8

a virus spread by sexual contact or exchange of bodily fluids

Question 9

How is HIV controlled?

Answer 9

antiretroviral drugs which stop the virus replicating in the body

Question 10

What are the symptoms of Tobacco Mosaic Virus?

Answer 10

Cause parts of the leaves to become discoloured

Question 11

What can the plant not carry out if it is infected with Tobacco Mosaic Virus?

Answer 11

Cant carry out photosynthesis so growth is affected

Question 12

What are the symptoms of Rose black spot?

Answer 12

purple or black spots on leaves of rose. Eventually leaves turn yellow and drop off

Question 13

How is Rose Black Spot spread?

Answer 13

through water or wind

Question 14

What is a vector?

Answer 14

an organism the carries the protist and transfers it but doesn’t get the diseases itself

Question 15

What spreads Malaria?

Answer 15

Mosquitoes are the vector

Question 16

How do you prevent malaria?

Answer 16

• insecticides

- mosquito nets

Question 17

What are symptoms of Malaria?

Answer 17

repeating fever

Question 18

What does Salmonella cause?

Answer 18

Food poisoning

Question 19

What are the symptoms of salmonella?

Answer 19

-Fever
-stomach cramps
-vomiting
-diarrhea
(caused by toxins that the bacteria produces)

Question 20

How is Gonorrhea spread?

Answer 20

sexual contact

Question 21

What are the symptoms of gonorrhea?

Answer 21

• pain when urinating

- thick green or yellow discharge

Question 22

What does the skin do to stop disease?

Answer 22

• Acts as a barrier to pathogens

- secretes antimicrobial substances which kill pathogens

Question 23

What does hair and mucus do to stop diseases?

Answer 23

trap particles in the nose that contain pathogens

Question 24

What does the trachea and bronchi do to stop disease?

Answer 24

produces mucus

Question 25

What does the stomach do to stop disease?

Answer 25

produces hydrochloric acid which kill pathogens

Question 26

What do white blood cells do to kill pathogens they recognise?

Answer 26

engulf and digest them

Question 27

What do white blood cells do to kill a pathogen they don't recognize?

Answer 27

produce a protein called antibodies which lock onto them so they can be found an destroyed by other white blood cells.

Question 28

What are the unique molecules on a pathogens surface called?

Answer 28

antigens

Question 29

What do vaccinations inject?

Answer 29

small amount of dead or weakened pathogens which carry antigens that your body can react to

Question 30

What happens if a live pathogen of something that you have been vaccinated for infect you?

Answer 30

the white blood cells recognize the pathogen and rapidly produce antibodies that it did when it met the dead or weakened pathogen

Question 31

What are pros of vaccinations?

Answer 31

- Helped control communicable diseases | - epidemics can be prevented if large percentage of population can be vaccinated

Question 32

What are cons of vaccinations?

Answer 32

- don't always give immunity | - you can have a bad reaction

Question 33

What are hybridomas?

Answer 33

a cell that is a fusuin of a mouse B-lymphocyte and a tumour cell

Question 34

What do B-lymphocytes produce?

Answer 34

antibodies

Question 35

What are some uses of monoclonal antibodies?

Answer 35

- pregnancy tests https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zt8t3k7/revision/2 - treat diseases - find specific substances

Question 36

How are hybridomas made?

Answer 36

https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zt8t3k7/revision/1 Down to diagram

Question 37

What are common signs that a plant has a disease?

Answer 37

- stunted growth - spots on leaves - decay - abnormal growths - malformed stems or leaves - discolouration

Question 38

What are some examples of a physical defence in a plant?

Answer 38

- waxy cuticle - cell walls - bark (dead cells)

Question 39

What are some examples of a mechanical defence in a plant?

Answer 39

-thorns -hairs droop or curl when touched -mimic other organisms

Question 40

What are some examples of a chemical defence in a plant?

Answer 40

- produces antibacterial chemicals | - produce poisons