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cell division Flashcards

1
Q

What happens in G1 phase

A

cell grows and new organelles and proteins are made

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2
Q

What happens in G1 checkpoint

A

cell checks that chemicals needed for replication are present and for any damage to the DNA

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3
Q

What happens in S phase

A

cell replicates its DNA ready to divide by mitosis

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4
Q

What happens in G2 phase

A

cell keeps growing and proteins needed for cell dividing are made

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5
Q

What happens in G2 checkpoint

A

the cell checks whether all the DNA has been replicated without any damage. if it has, the cell can enter mitosis

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6
Q

What happens in M phase

A

Mitosis and cytokinesis

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7
Q

What is mitosis needed for

A
  • growth and repairing damaged tissues

- asexual reproduction in plants animals and fungi

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8
Q

What’re the orders of mitosis

A
  • Prophase
  • metaphase
  • anaphase
  • telophase
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9
Q

When does interphase occur

A

Before mitosis in cell cycle, when cell grow and replicate their DNA ready for division

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10
Q

What happens to chromosomes in prophase

A

condense getting shorter and fatter

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11
Q

What happens to tiny proteins (centrioles) in prophase

A

start moving to opposite ends of the cell forming a network of protein fibres (spindles)

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12
Q

What happens to the nuclear envelope and chromosomes in prophase

A

breaks down and chromosomes lie free in the cytoplasm

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13
Q

What happens to chromosomes in metaphase

A

line up along the middle of the cell and attach to the spindle

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14
Q

Where do chromosomes attach to the spindle

A

by the centromere

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15
Q

What happens at the metaphase checkpoint

A

cell checks that all the chromosomes are attached to the spindle before mitosis continues

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16
Q

What’re separate strands of chromosomes called

A

chromatids

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17
Q

Why’re there to strands of chromosomes

A

each chromosome has already made an identical copy of its self during interphase

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18
Q

What happens to chromatids when mitosis is over

A

end up as one strand chromosomes in the new daughter cells

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19
Q

What happens to the centromeres in anaphase

A

they divide separating each pair of sister chromatids

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20
Q

What do the spindles do in anaphase

A

they contract pulling chromatids to opposite ends of the cell

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21
Q

What happens to chromatids in telophase

A

reach opposite poles on the spindle

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22
Q

What happens to chromatids once they reach opposite poles

A

they uncoil and become long and thin again (becoming chromosomes)

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23
Q

What happens to the nuclear envelope in the telophase

A

it forms around each group of chromosomes so there are now 2 nuclei

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24
Q

What happens to the cytoplasm in cytokinesis

A

it divides

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25
What happens to the cleavage furrow in animal cells
it forms to divide the cell membrane
26
What is formed when the cells divide
2 daughter cells that're genetically identical to the original cells
27
When does cytokinesis begin
in anaphase and ends in telophase
28
Why would you stain a chromosome
So you can see them undergoing mitosis in a microscope
29
How can you tell if a cell is in interphase
Chromosomes will be spread out and not condensed
30
What slide preparation would you use to view chromosomes
squash slides making it easier to see the chromosomes
31
What's required in meiosis
2 gametes
32
What happens when 2 gametes join together
form a zygote
33
What happens when the zygote forms
divides and develops into a new organism
34
What type of cell division is meiosis
happens in the reproductive organs to produce gametes
35
What type of division is meiosis
reduction division
36
How many chromosomes are there in the cells that divide by meiosis
full number of chromosomes
37
How many chromosomes are there in the cells that're formed by meiosis
half the number of chromosomes
38
What're haploid cells
cells with half the number of chromosomes
39
Are cells formed by meiosis genetically different or identical
different as each cell ends up with a different combination of chromosomes
40
In M1 prophase What happens to chromosomes
they condense getting shorter and fatter
41
What happens in M1 prophase after chromosomes condense
arrange themselves into homologous pairs and crossing over occurs
42
What do centrioles do in M1 prophase
move to opposite ends of the cells forming spindle fibres
43
What happens to the nuclear envelope in M1 prophase
breaks down
44
What happens in M1 metaphase
homologous pairs line up across the centre of the cell and attach to the spindle fibres by their centromeres
45
What happens in M1 anaphase
spindles contract separating the homologous pairs
46
What happens in M1 telophase
nuclear envelope forms around each group of chromosomes
47
What happens in M1 cytokinesis
2 haploid daughter cells are produced
48
How many chromosomes do humans have
- 46 | - 23 pairs
49
What are the chromosomes like that make up each pair
they're the same size and have the same genes | could have different alleles
50
What're homologous pairs
chromosomes that have same size and genes
51
What do the 2 daughter cells under go
- Prophase II - metaphase II - anaphase II - telophase II - cytokinesis
52
What happens in Anaphase II
Sister chromatids are separated
53
What does each new daughter cell inherit
one chromatid from each chromosome
54
What's produced in anaphase II
four haploid daughter cells are produced
55
What is crossing over
chromatids twist around each other and bits of chromosomes swap over
56
After swapping over how are the chromatid's different
they contain the same genes but now have a different combination of alleles
57
What're the 2 main events that lead to genetic variation
- Crossing over of chromatids | - Independent assortment of chromosomes
58
What does the crossing over of chromatids in meiosis allow
each of the 4 daughter cells formed from meiosis contains chromatids with different alleles
59
What is each homologous pair of chromosomes in your cells made from
1 chromosome from your mum (maternal) | 1 chromosome from your dad (paternal)
60
How do cells choose which chromosomes end up in which daughter cell
It's random
61
Do the 4 daughter cells produced in meiosis have different or same maternal and paternal chromosomes
Different
62
What's independent assortment
separation of chromosomes
63
What does the shuffling of chromosomes lead to
Genetic variation in any potential offspring

Biology assessment 2 (9 decks)

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