Cell Division Flashcards by Ari m

What is meant by the cell cycle or cell division cycle ?

The series of events that occur in a eukaryotic cell between the formation of the cell and the time where the cell gets replicated.

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The series of events that occur in a eukaryotic cell between the formation of the cell and the time where the cell gets replicated.

Cell cycle/ cell division cycle

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In what type of cell does the cell cycle occur in?

Eukaryotic cells

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2 main phases of the cell cycle

Interphase and mitotic phase

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What is occurring in a cell during interphase?

The cell is forming and it carries on with its regular metabolic functions

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The cell is forming and it carries on with its regular metabolic functions

Interphase

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What is occurring during the mitosis phase?

The cell is replicating itself

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In which phase does the cell replicate itself?

Mitosis phase

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A fertilized cell develops into a ______ organism during the cell cycle

Mature

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Name at least three things that form during the cycle

Hair
Skin
Blood cells
Internal organs

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What process NEVER occurs in interphase?

Cell division

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Where are chromatids found in a cell?

In the nucleus

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Chromatids are made of a molecule called _______

DNA

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See note called chromosome

1- chromatid
2- centromere
3- short arm
4-long arm

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In what PHASE do most cells spend the majority of their lifetime?

Interphase

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How often do human skin cells divide each day?

Once a day

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How many hours per day is a human skin cell in interphase?

Roughly 22 hours

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What type of cell may spend decades in interphase instead of dividing?

Nerve cells

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Name the 3 stages in interphase

G1
S phase
G2

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G1
S phase
G2

Stages in interphase

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What does G1 stand for and what occurs in this stage?

Growth 1

The cell creates organelles and begins to metabolize

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The cell creates organelles and begins to metabolize

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What does S stand for and what occurs in this stage?

Synthesis

DNA synthesis occurs in which chromosomes are copied

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DNA synthesis occurs in which chromosomes are copied

S phase

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What does G2 stand for and what occurs in this stage?

Growth 2 Cell grows to prepare for cell division

Cell grows to prepare for cell division

From what stage of the cell cycle do cells sometimes EXIT?

G1 phase

What happens to cells that enter the G0 phase?

They are alive but they cannot divide and they do not copy their own DNA

G0 phase

Name 3 types of cells that enter the G0 phase when they are mature?

Heart muscle cells, eye cells, and brain cells

What happens if G0 cells are damaged during your lifetime?

They cannot be replaced

Cytokinesis

Process where a single cell is divided into two identical daughter cells whenever the cytoplasm is divided

Cytokinesis

What stage occurs after cytokinesis

G1 stage

What part of the cell is divided during cytokinesis

The cytoplasm

What are the new cells called and how do they compare with eachother

Daughter cells Identical

What is the major thing happening to a cell during G1

The cell is growing and synthesizing proteins and organelles

What cell structures are made in G1

Organelles

Since proteins and _______ are being made during G1, there is a great amount of protein _______ occurring

Enzymes Synthesis

What does the S phase stand for?

Synthesis phase

What happens during the S phase?

DNA synthesis or replication

Each chromosome originally is made of how many DNA molecules and how does this molecule appear in the chromosome?

One DNA molecule. In a chromosome it has one DNA double helix (or cromatid)

Chromatid

DNA double helix

At the end of S phase each chromosome has how many coiled DNA molecules?

Two identical DNA double helix molecules (chromatids)

What structure holds the duplicated chromosomes together and is also copied during the S phase?

Centromere

What is the final and shortest phase of interphase?

The G2 phase

About how long would a typical cell be in the G2 phase?

Four to five hours

How is the cell prepared for mitosis during the G2 phase?

It produces all of the enzymes that the cell will need in order to divide

What follows the G2 phase?

Mitosis

What part of the cell is actually dividing in mitosis?

Nucleus

What is another name for mitosis

Karyokinesis

Mitosis

When are the chromosomes duplicated - before or after mitosis?

Before

What process follows mitosis?

Cytokinesis

The nucleus is divided during _______, while cytoplasm of the cell is divided during __________

Mitosis Cytokinesis

How do the two new cells compare with each other?

They are both identical with an equal distribution of organelles

The two new cells are called ____ cells

Daughter

Does mitosis occur in prokaryotes? Explain why or why not.

Mitosis does not occur I. Prokaryotes because they do not have a nucleus

What process is used by bacteria to divide and reproduce?

Binary fission

Body cells are called ________ cells, while reproductive cells are known as ______ cells

Somatic Germ

Name the 4 mitotic stages

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

How does cytokinesis occur in an animal cell?

The cells divide the cytoplasm By constructing the cell membrane in the center to form a cleavage forrow

How does cytokinesis occur in a plant cell?

Form a cell plate In the center in order to divide the cytoplasm

Genetic material is called ______ during interphase and IS/IS NOT clearly visible

Chromatin Is not

What makes The chromosomes become visible during prophase?

The DNA molecules are shortened and condensed by coiling

What Is used to help break down the nuclear membrane?

Enzymes

Besides the nucleus, what else is broken down during prophase?

Nucleolus

What forms during prophase to later attach and move chromosomes?

Spindle fibers

Doubled chromosomes are held together by the ________

Centromeres

Where do chromosomes line up during metaphase?

At the equator

During what stage are sister chromatids separated and moved to opposite ends of the cell?

Anaphase

Four things that happen during telophase

Nucleotides reform Nuclear envelope reform Chromosomes uncoil Spindle fibers disintegrate

Telophase

See plant cells in mitosis Name them

Interphase Metaphase Prophase Anaphase Telophase

How long does interphase take up

90% of the cell cycle

Interphase

Cell grows and carries out regular functions

Cells that are not capable of dividing and if the cell dies they can not be replaced

From where do cells enter the G0 phase

S-phase

Synthesis of DNA

S-phase

At the end of the s phase, each originals chromosome consists of two __________ connected by the _________

Chromatids Centromere

What is the cell preparing to do in the G2 phase

Preparing to divide

G2 phase

Where is DNA checked to make sure there are no errors?

G2 phase

_________ will repair any errors in DNA that was synthesized

Enzymes

Microtubules

Cell structure that helps transport materials for cells

Microtubules

Preparing to divide Enzymes correct DNA microtubules are rearranged for mitosis

In which phase are microtubules rearranged for mitosis

Mitosis

Cell division | Creates new cells

Mitosis

Prophase

Nuclear membrane begins to break down | Centrosomes with centrioles inside migrate to poles of the cell (animal cells)

Centrioles

Helps the movement of chromosomes during division Associated with the spindle

Centrioles

Nuclear membrane begins to break down | Centrosomes with centrioles inside migrate to poles of the cell (animal cells)

Prophase

In which phase does the nucleolous disappear?

Prophase

In which phase does chromatin condense into chromosomes?

Prophase

Separation of chromosomes

Prophase

Prophase is the separation of ______

Chromosomes

Formations of the mitotic spindle occurs in which phase?

Prophase

Metaphase

Chromosomes like up at the equator | Spindle fibers link chromosomes to opposite poles

Chromosomes line up at the equator | Spindle fibers link chromosomes to opposite poles

Metaphase

In which phase do chromosomes line up at the equator?

Metaphase

In which phase do spindle fibers link chromosomes to opposite poles

Metaphase

Anaphase

Centromeres divide and chromatids (now chromosomes) move toward poles as spindle fibers shorten

Anaphase

Where do chromosomes move toward poles?

Anaphase

Telophase

Nuclear membrane forms around the chromosomes at the poles Spindle dissolves Chromosomes uncoil Cytokinesis begins as cleavage Furrow forms (cell membranes pinches inward)

Telophase

In which phase does the nuclear membrane form around the chromosomes?

Telophase

In which phase does the spindle dissolve?

Telophase

In which phase do the chromosomes uncoil

Telophase

In which phase does the furrow form

Telophase

Cytokinesis

Cytoplasm of the cell divides in half equally | Two genetically identical cells are produces

Cytokinesis

When does the cytoplasm of the cell divide?

Cytokinesis

Cytokinesis in plant cells

Cell plate forms across the middle of the cell to separate the two ends of the plant cell into two separate cells Cell plate is formed by golgi vesicles

Cleavage furrow

Connecting two cells during telophase

Order of mitosis

Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis

In which cell is the cell plate formed

Plant cell

Cancer

Uncontrolled cell division

Telomeres

Tips of chromosomes Become shorter with each cell division and eventually the cell will no longer be able to divide

Telomeres

Apoptosis

Cell death

Apoptosis example

Weaving between toes and fingers during development

Somatic cells

All body cells EXCEPT EGG AND SPERM CELLS Full set of DNA/ diploid

Somatic cells

Diploid

2 (di) sets of each chromosome (2n) N= number of chromosome sets Humans have 46

Diploid

Gametes

Sex cells | Haploid/ monoploid- half the DNA of every other type of body cell

Gametes

Homologous

Two chromosomes that each code for the same traits (ex: one from mom and one from dad) from the opposite sex parents

Homologous

Meiosis

2 rounds of cell division to reduce cells to haploid number Reduction phase

Meiosis

Before meiosis

Interphase Germ cells- diploid cells replicate DNA - creating a second set of homologous chromosomes

Prophase |

Nuclear membrane breaks down CROSSING OVER occurs Nucleus beak down The chromosomes appear condensed and the nuclear envelope is not apparent

What does crossing over create?

Genetic variation

Crossing over

Two sets of homologous chromosomes join and exchange bits

Crossing over

Nuclear membrane breaks down CROSSING OVER occurs Nucleus beak down The chromosomes appear condensed and the nuclear envelope is not apparent

Prophase |

Metaphase |

Pairs of homologous chromosomes (tetrads) move to the equator of the cell

Metaphase |

Anaphase |

Homologous chromosomes move to poles of the cell

Anaphase |

Tetrad

2 chromosome x’s together

Tetrad

Meiosis | amount of chromosomes

46 chromosomes

Meiosis || amount of chromosomes

Which two processes are involved in mitotic cell division A) Nuclear duplication and cytoplasmic division B)Nuclear duplication and cytoplasmic duplication C)Spermatogenesis and cytoplasmic duplication D) Oogenesis and cytoplasmic division

Which mitotic event in the chart occurs after the other three events have taken place A)appearance of spindle fibers B) Separation of chromatids by the action of spindle fibers C) Disintegration of the nuclear membrane D)Replication of chromosomes

Student using a compound light microscope is observing sells undergoing mitotic cell division. If the cells are from a bean plant, which process could the student observe? A)The formation of a cell plate between two new cells B)The replication of centrioles C) Pinching in of the cell membrane to form two cells D) The pairing of homologous chromosomes

What would most likely result if mitosis was not accomplished by cytoplasmic division A)Two cells, each with one nucleus B) Two cells, each without a nucleus C) One cell with two identical nuclei D) One cell without a nucleus

The process of mitosis usually involves A)Chromosome duplication and synapsis B) DNA replication and separation of chromatids C) Tetrad formation and fertilization D) reduction in chromosomes number and formation of cell plate

What is one difference between mitotic cell division in plants and mitotic cell division in animals? A) chromosomes are replicated in plants but not in animals B) the replicated chromosomes separate in plants but not in animals C) a cell plate divides the cytoplasm in plants but not in animals D) the nuclear membrane reforms in plants but not in animals

How many chromosomes will be found in each of the two new cells formed as a result of mitotic cell division? A) only one-half as many chromosomes as the parent cell B) twice as many chromosomes as the parent cell C) three times as many chromosomes as the parent cell D) the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell

The diploid chromosome number in a certain species of fish is 20. How many chromosomes would normally be found in bone cell of this fish?

If the diploid chromosome number of a cloned plant is 12, the chromosome number of the plant cell used to produce the cloned plant is

Sexual reproduction requires more energy and resource, what’s the average then? A) it increases genetic diversity. B) it can help prevent disease epidemics. C) it can help us cope with environment changes. D) all of the above

A diploid female lizard produces diploid offspring that are genetically identical to herself. This type of reproduction requires: A) meiosis B) mitosis C) mitosis, then meiosis D) none of the above

Chromosome A contains genes for an eye color of hazel. Chromosome B contains genes for hair color of hazel, and chromosome C contains genera for an eye color of blue. A) chromosomes A and B are homologous B) Chromosomes B and C are homologous C) chromosomes A and C are homologous D) None of the chromosomes are homologous to one another

Suppose that a cell is unable to replicate its DNA. Which of the following would not be present in this cell? ``` A) sister chromatids B) centromere C) DNA D) genes E)homologous chromosomes ```

True/ false If a parent cell contained 30 chromosomes, it’s daughter cells would contain 15 following mitosis.

False

Gonads

Sex organs

Spermatogenesis

Results in 4 haploid sperm cells

Spermatogenesis

Oogenesis

Results in 4 haploid cells but only 1 egg and 3 tiny polar bodies

Oogenesis

Polar bodies

Produced in oogenesis (egg formation) are usually discarded

Polar bodies

How many polar bodies are produced in oogenesis?

Budding

Organism grows a new appendage that eventually creates a new organism Yeast - yeast with a BUD

Organism grows a new appendage that eventually creates a new organism

Budding

Runners and leaf cutting

Plant roots grow out and create a new plant

Runners | (Leaf cutting)

Tubers | Example

Each bud can form a new plant- genetically identical plant Potato famine

Tubers

Regeneration

When some organisms are cut into pieces the parts grow into new separate organisms Starfish, worm

Regeneration

Parthenogenesis

Development of an embryo from an unfertilized egg (fertilized by polar bodies)

Parthenogenesis

A cell with two of each kind of chromosome is called a ______ cell

Diploid

A ______ is the cell created when a sperm enters an egg

Zygote

The cell created when the sperm enters the egg

How many daughter cells are created at the end of meiosis 1 ?

How many daughter cells are created at the end of meiosis 2 ?

In humans, how many chromosomes are present in each cell at the end of meiosis 1 ?

What is the important outcome of meiosis?

Crossing over and genetic variation

Does mitosis involve the duplication of chromosomes?

Yes

Gonads

Sex cells

Cell Division Flashcards

(194 cards)