Reproductive System Flashcards
1
Q
4 functions of the reproductive system
A
To produce sex cells
To transport the sex cells within the reproductive tracks
To produce offspring by fertilization
To nurture developing offspring
And produce hormones
2
Q
Female sex cells
A
Eggs
3
Q
Male sex cells
A
Sperm
4
Q
Sex cells are also known as
A
Gametes
5
Q
See male structure diagram
A
-
6
Q
What are testes?
A
Glands where sperm and testosterone are produced
7
Q
Glands where sperm and testosterone are produced
A
Testes
8
Q
What is produced in the testes?
A
Sperm and testosterone
9
Q
Where is sperm and testosterone produced?
A
In the testes
10
Q
Where are testes located?
A
In the scrotum
11
Q
What is located in the scrotum?
A
Testes
12
Q
Why are the testes outside the body?
A
To maintain a cooler temperature
13
Q
What does each testis contain?
A
A network of coiled tubes where sperm are produced by mitosis
14
Q
What are the coiled tubes in the testes called?
A
Seminiferous tubules
15
Q
What are seminiferous tubules
A
The network of coiled tubes in each testis
16
Q
How much sperm can a sexually mature male produce?
A
About 300 million sperm each day
17
Q
It takes approximately ___ days for a sperm to mature in a process called _________
A
70; spermatogenesis
18
Q
What is stored in the epididymis?
A
Sperm cells
19
Q
What is the epididymis?
A
A coiled tube in the scrotum where sperm complete their development
20
Q
Where is the epididymis located?
A
In the scrotum
21
Q
What do sperm do in the epididymis?
A
They complete their development
22
Q
Once matured, the sperm leave the epididymis and enter the _____________, where they are stored
A
Vas deferens
23
Q
The ___________ is a tube that transports sperm from the epididymis to the _____________ and the urethra
A
Vas deferens
Ejaculatory
24
Q
The tube that transports sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory ducts and the urethra
A
Vas deferens
25
The urethra is used to discharge _____ and ______ from the body
Urine; semen
26
What discharges urine and semen from the body?
Urethra
27
See card labeled station 7
Vas deferens; urethra
28
The __________ produces a thin, alkaline fluid that helps sperm move. The fluid is secretes into the ___________ and mixed with sperm.
Prostate gland; vas deferens
29
What produces a think, alkaline fluid that helps sperm move?
Prostate gland
30
Where is the prostate located?
Under the bladder
31
What is the most common cancer among men?
Prostate cancer
32
What does the bulbourethral gland secrete?
A fluid that helps sperm survive the acidic environment of the vagina
33
__________ glands- 2 small glands located beneath the prostate. These glands secrete a fluid that help sperm survive through the acidic environment of the vagina
Bulbourethral
34
__________ are a pair of glands located underneath the bladder- they produce a thick fluid made up of fructose (sugar) which provides energy the sperm needs to survive
Seminal vesicles
35
What do seminal vesicles produce?
Fructose(sugar) to provide energy for the sperm
36
What is semen a mixture of
Sperm plus the fluids from the prostate gland, bulbourethral gland, and seminal vesicles
37
A ___________ is used as a permanent birth control method in males
Vasectomy
38
What is the vasectomy used for?
Birth control in males
39
What is cut during a vasectomy?
Vas deferens
40
After a vasectomy, semen no longer contains _________
Sperm cells
41
What happens when the vas deferens is cut?
The male can no longer transfer sperm to the vagina and he can no longer make children.
42
The penis contains tissue called corpus ________ and corpus ________
Cavernosum; spongiosum
43
Wha type of muscle does the penis contain?
Smooth muscle
44
What must happen to the smooth muscle in order for an erection to occur?
The muscle must relax to allow the tissues to fill with blood
45
Sperm production is regulated by __________
Hormones
46
Name the three hormones that is required for sperm production:
LH
FSH
Testosterone
47
Testosterone, FSH, and LH are all regulated by the _______
Testes
48
Ovaries are ______ that produce _______ cells
Glands; egg
49
How many ovaries do females have?
Two
50
Approximately how big are ovaries?
The size of an almond
51
Where are ovaries located?
Either side of the lower abdomen
52
Check female reproductive
-
53
The Fallopian tubes (oviduct) connect the ovaries to the _______
Uterus
54
What occurs in the Fallopian tubes (oviduct)?
Fertilization
55
What are found within the Fallopian tubes (oviduct) that help move the egg along toward the uterus?
What is another way the egg is pushed along?
Cilia; peristalsis
56
What is another name for Fallopian tube?
Oviduct
57
Check front male
-
58
External fertilization
- like spraying
- the female lays a pile of eggs (a lot)
- next the male release a lot of sperm in the same area
59
- like spraying
- the female lays a pile of eggs (a lot)
- next the male release a lot of sperm in the same area
External fertilization
60
Internal fertilization
- sperm is released within the females body
- many sperm buy few eggs (higher chance of fertilization)
- fertilized egg is well protected
61
- sperm is released within the females body
- many sperm buy few eggs (higher chance of fertilization)
- fertilized egg is well protected
Internal fertilization
62
External development - little parent care
* egg laying (many eggs to increase chance of survival)
* less chance of survival
Turtles; fish
63
What type of development and care are turtles?
External development; little parent care
64
External development - lots of parental care
* eggs payed
* parents maintain nest or take care of eggs
* increased chance of survival
Birds; seahorses
65
What type of care and development are seahorses and birds
External development, lots of parental care
66
Check side male
-
67
Internal development
Fetus grows within
68
Fetus grows within
Internal development
69
Do the baby and mother exchange blood?
No
70
Viviparous
Fetal sharks live off placenta connected to mother
71
Fetal sharks live off placenta connected to mother
Viviparous
72
Ovoviviparous
Fetal shakes receive nutrition from yolk sac
First to hatch eats the other
73
Fetal shakes receive nutrition from yolk sac
First to hatch eats the other
Ovoviviparous
74
Oviparity
Internal fertilization, external development
75
Internal fertilization, external development
Oviparity
76
Check front female
-
77
Ovaries
Produce and release mature eggs
78
Produce and release mature eggs
Ovaries
79
Fallopian tubes/ oviduct
Carries egg to the uterus, fertilization occurs here
80
Carries egg to the uterus, fertilization occurs here
Fallopian tubes/ oviduct
81
Uterus
Site of embryo development
82
Site of embryo development
Uterus
83
Vagina
Birth Canal and site of sperm deposit
84
Birth Canal and site of sperm deposit
Vagina
85
Testes
Produce sperm
86
Produce sperm
Testes
87
Scrotum
Outer pocket of skin to keep testes cooler for ideal sperm development
88
Outer pocket of skin to keep testes cooler for ideal sperm development
Scrotum
89
Semen
A mix of sperm and nutrient containing fluid
90
A mix of sperm and nutrient containing fluid
Semen
91
Where does sperm swim through
The uterus and into the Fallopian tubes
92
After fertilization where does the zygote move?
To the uterus - develops kore due to mitosis
93
Check side female
-
94
Cleavage
Repeating mitosis- forms a hollow ball of cells, no increase in size, just in cell number
95
Repeating mitosis- forms a hollow ball of cells, no increase in size, just in cell number
Cleavage
96
Bastula
A hollow ball of cells approximately the same size as the zygote
97
A hollow ball of cells approximately the same size as the zygote
Bastula
98
Gastrulation
One side of the bastula indents
99
One side of the bastula indents
Gastrulation
100
Ectoderm
The outer part of the gastrula becomes the nervous system and epidermis of the skin
101
The outer part of the gastrula becomes the nervous system and epidermis of the skin
Ectoderm
102
Mesoderm
The middle of the gastrula becomes the muscles, skeleton, circulatory system, excitatory system, and reproductive system
103
The middle of the gastrula becomes the muscles, skeleton, circulatory system, excitatory system, and reproductive system
Mesoderm
104
Endoderm
The inner layer becomes the lining of the digestive tract, respiratory tract, and the liver and pancreas
105
The inner layer becomes the lining of the digestive tract, respiratory tract, and the liver and pancreas
Endoderm
106
Gestation
Time fetus develops in the uterus
107
Time fetus develops in the uterus
Gestation
108
See differentiation
-
109
Placenta
Diffusion occurs between the baby and placenta
Nutrients, gases, and waste products are exchanged
110
Diffusion occurs between the baby and placenta
Nutrients, gases, and waste products are exchanged
Placenta
111
Fetal alcohol syndrome
Low birth weight, premature birth
112
Low birth weight, premature birth
Fetal alcohol syndrome
113
See pregnancy
-
114
See embryonic development
-
115
During which part of the cycle does the breakdown of the thickened uterine lining occur?
Follicle stage
116
On or about which day is the egg released from the ovary?
Day 14
117
What is the average length of the female reproductive cycle?
28 days
118
How long is the menstrual cycle?
28 days
119
What is the menstrual cycle?
A hormonally controlled cycle in the human female in which an egg matures and is released from the ovary
120
What is stage one of the menstrual cycle?
The follicle stage
121
What is the follicle stage?
When an egg matures inside the ovary
122
When an egg matures inside the ovary
Follicle stage
123
Which stage is the follicle stage
Stage 1
124
In which stage does the pituitary gland secrete FSH
The follicle stage
125
Which gland secretes FSH and LH
Pituitary gland
126
What is happening in the ovaries during the follicle stage?
The egg matures inside the embryo
127
Approximately what day does ovulation occur
14
128
What is the role of FSH in the menstrual cycle ?
To stimulate the development of the egg
Matures egg
129
What is happening to the uterine lining as the level of estrogen begins to increase?
It is beginning to thicken
130
What is the role of progesterone in the menstrual cycle ?
Thickens uterine lining
131
As progesterone starts to decrease, what is happening to the uterine lining?
Starts to thin out.
Apoptosis
Period
132
What does the growing of the follicle secrete?
The hormone estrogen
133
What does estrogen do?
Causes the uterine lining to thicken
134
What is the second stage of the menstrual cycle?
Ovulation
135
What stage is ovulation
Second
136
What happens during ovulation
The mature egg is released from the follicle in the ovary
137
When is FSH production inhibited
Ovulation
138
In which stage is LH secreted
Ovulation
139
The mature egg is released from the follicle in the ovary
Ovulation
140
What day does ovulation occur
Day 14 out
141
What does LH cause
Changes in the ruptured follicle
142
What causes changes in the ruptured follicle
LH
143
What stage is the corpus luteum stage?
3
144
What’s the third stage of the menstrual cycle
Corpus luteum stage
145
What happens in the corpus luteum stage
Follicle becomes a mass of cells called the corpus luteum
146
What does the corpus luteum secrete?
Progesterone
147
What does progesterone do?
Causes the uterine lining to thicken
148
What is there an increase of in the corpus luteum stage
An increase in the number of blood vessels which also prepares the uterus for a fertilized egg
149
Causes the uterine lining to thicken
Progesterone and estrogen
150
Follicle becomes a mass of cells
Corpus luteum stage
151
What happens if the egg is not fertilized in the corpus luteum stage?
The corpus luteum becomes inactive and menstruation occurs
152
What happens during menstruation
Uterine lining breaks down and is shed
153
Uterine lining breaks down and is shed
Menstruation
154
What stage is menstruation
Stage 4
155
Stage 4
Menstruation
156
How long does menstruation last
3-7 days
157
When does the corpus luteum shrink and progesterone production decrease
Menstruation
