Circulatory, Immune, Digestive, Muscular, Skeletal system Flashcards
(244 cards)
1
Q
Intracellular transport
A
Movement of materials inside the cell
ER
Active and passive transport
2
Q
Movement of materials inside the cell
ER
Active and passive transport
A
Intercellular transport
3
Q
Extracellular transport
A
Movement of materials outside the cell
4
Q
Movement of materials outside the cell
A
Extracellular transport
5
Q
No circulatory system
A
Can diffuse materials directly with their environment
Ex. Amoeba
6
Q
Can diffuse materials directly with their environment
Ex. Amoeba
A
No circulatory system
7
Q
Open circulatory system
A
Blood, blood vessels, and a way to pump blood. The blood washes over the organs and exchanges materials directly
Ex. Grasshopper
8
Q
Blood, blood vessels, and a way to pump blood. The blood washes over the organs and exchanges materials directly
Ex. Grasshopper
A
Open circulatory system
9
Q
Closed circulatory system
A
All blood is contained in blood vessels. Exchange of materials is via the capillaries
Ex. Humans
10
Q
All blood is contained in blood vessels. Exchange of materials is via the capillaries
Ex. Humans
A
Closed circulatory system
11
Q
Where does diffusion occur?
A
Capillaries to the alveoli
12
Q
Capillaries to the alveoli
A
Where diffusion occurs
13
Q
Where does diffusion occur?
A
Capillaries to alveoli
14
Q
Artery
A
Carry blood AWAY from the heart
Thickest
15
Q
Carry blood AWAY from the heart
Thickest
A
Artery
16
Q
Veins
A
Carry de-oxygenated blood BACK to the heart
17
Q
Carry de-oxygenated blood BACK to the heart
A
Veins
18
Q
Capillary
A
Diffusion
tiny, one cell layer thick blood vessels. They are the ONLY place where materials diffuse between the body and blood!
19
Q
Diffusion
tiny, one cell layer thick blood vessels. They are the ONLY place where materials diffuse between the body and blood!
A
Capillary
20
Q
Red blood cells
A
Transports oxygen
Hemoglobin (protein in red blood cells)
21
Q
Transports oxygen
Hemoglobin (protein)
A
Red blood cells
22
Q
White blood cells
A
Fight infection
23
Q
Fight infection
A
White blood cells
24
Q
Plasma
A
Transport nutrients,
lymph (immune system)
25
Transport nutrients,
lymph (immune system)
Plasma
26
Platelets
Blood clotting cells
27
Blood clotting cells
Platelets
28
It is a watery substance that helps make blood a watery substance
When “it” is in the blood it is called _____
Plasma
29
Plasma
It is a watery substance that helps make blood a watery substance
When “it” is in the blood it is called plasma.
30
Intracellular fluid
It is squeezed out of the blood vessels and washes our organs. This keeps the boys moist and carries away any foreign pathogens that might be there
31
It is squeezed out of the blood vessels and washes our organs. This keeps the boys moist and carries away any foreign pathogens that might be there
Intracellular fluid
32
Lymph
The intracellular fluid (ICF) is them “funneled” into vessels called lymph vessels. From here, the lymph goes through lymph nodes where any “funk” is filtered out. “It” is then returned to the blood and the plasma again.
33
The intracellular fluid (ICF) is them “funneled” into vessels called_____ vessels. From here, the ____ goes through _____ nodes where any “funk” is filtered out. “It” is then returned to the blood and the plasma again.
Lymph
34
Order of plasma
Plasma (helps make blood watery)
Intracellular fluid (ICF) (washes organs)
Lymph (funk filtered out)
35
What is immunity
The defensive reaction of the body to antigens
36
The defensive reaction of the body to antigens
Immunity
37
Pathogen
Disease causing agent
{our body uses non specific and pathogen specific defense mechanisms to fight off pathogens}
38
Disease causing agent
Pathogen
39
Skin
Barrier with added chemical weapons
(Sweat, oil)
(Break down bacterial cell walls)
First line of defense
40
Barrier with added chemical weapons
| Sweat, oil
(Break down bacterial cell walls)
Skin
41
Mucus
The glue traps of our bodies
Cilia sweeps mucus to the esophagus which sends it to the stomach - in the stomach if mucus is swallowed, enzymes and acids will digest pathogens
42
The glue traps of our bodies
Cilia sweeps ____ to the esophagus which sends it to the stomach - in the stomach if ____ is swallowed, enzymes and acids will digest pathogens
Mucus
43
Inflammatory response
Histamine responds to injury by releasing chemicals that make blood vessels widen and increase blood flow
White blood cells arrive and swallow (phagocytosis)
44
Histamine responds to injury by releasing chemicals that make blood vessels widen and increase blood flow
White blood cells arrive and swallow (phagocytosis)
Inflammatory response
45
Pus
White blood cells and dead pathogens
46
White blood cells and dead pathogens
Pus
47
Temperature
To fight infections, body will increase its temperature and bring on fevers
Bacteria die in high temperatures
48
Killer proteins
Circulate the blood and attack certain pathogens, punching holes in the cells causing them to leak and die
49
Circulate the blood and attack certain pathogens, punching holes in the cells causing them to leak and die
Killer proteins
50
Three types of white blood cells
Neutrophils
Macrophages
Natural killer cells
51
Thing that prevents food from entering your trachea
Epiglottis
52
Neutrophils
Macrophages
Natural killer cells
White blood cells
53
Neutrophils
Only present in blood
Engulf bacteria
Release a chemical that kills the bacteria and then themselves
SUICIDE SQUAD
54
Only present in blood
Engulf bacteria
Release a chemical that kills the bacteria and then themselves
SUICIDE SQUAD
Neutrophils
55
Macrophages
Engulf bacteria
CLEARS DEAD CELLS
Travels through the body
Concentrated in spleen and lungs
56
Engulf bacteria
CLEARS DEAD CELLS
Travels through the body
Concentrated in spleen and lungs
Macrophages
57
Natural killer cells
Destroy infected cells by puncturing cell membranes
Water moves in and cell bursts
One of the best defenses to cancer cells
58
Destroy infected cells by puncturing cell membranes
Water moves in and cell bursts
One of the best defenses to cancer cells
Natural killer cells
59
Antigens
Bad guys
Substance that produces and immune response
Receptor proteins on the membrane of a pathogen
ON A PATHOGEN
60
Bad guys
Substance that produces and immune response
Receptor proteins on the membrane of a pathogen
ON A PATHOGEN
Antigens
61
Antibodies
Proteins that bind to specific antigens (shapes must compliment)
62
Proteins that bind to specific antigens (shapes must compliment)
Antibodies
63
Process of white blood cells and antibodies
White blood cells eats the antigen, soon a cell is produced and Antibodies are created to bind to antigens to stop them from taking over our cells?
64
Are antigens or antibodies the bad guys?
Antigens
65
Passive immunity
Antibodies obtained from outside the body
Mother’s breast milk
66
Antibodies obtained from outside the body
Mother’s breast milk
Passive immunity
67
Active immunity
Body produces antibodies to fight infection
Natural immune response
68
What need to be done to have an organ donation
U need to take immune drugs so u don’t reject the organ
69
Blood type A has ______ antibodies in plasma
Anti- B
70
Blood type B has ________ antibodies in plasma
Anti- A
71
Blood type AB has ______ antibodies in plasma
None
72
Blood type O has _________ antibodies in plasma
Anti-A + Anti-B
73
Group A antigens in red blood cells
A- antigen
74
Blood type B antigens in red blood cells
B-antigens
75
Blood type AB antigens in red blood cells
A+B antigens
76
Blood type O antigens in red blood cells
None
77
Blood type A can receive blood from
Blood type A
78
Blood type B can receive blood from
Blood type B
79
Blood type AB can receive blood from
Blood type A or B or AB
80
Blood type o can receive blood from
Blood type O
81
What is AIDS caused by?
HIV
82
HIV
Invades T-cells and as they die. The body becomes open to many diseases.
83
Pathway of heart
Right up to left down
84
Deoxygenated blood is found within what chambers
Left chambers
85
The cytoplasm in a cell carries out a function similar to a function of which human system?
Circulatory system
86
Which vessel contains valves and transports blood back to the heart?
Veins
87
Doctors sometimes use a vaccine to prepare the body to defend itself against future infections. These vaccines most often contain
Weakened pathogens
88
Which cell “eats” foreign substances
White blood cells
89
White blood cells, antigens, antibodies (which structures are part of the immune system)
White blood cells and antibodies
90
Drugs to reduce the risk of rejection are given to organ transplant patients because the donated organ contains
A) foreign antigens
B) foreign antibodies
C) DNA molecules
D) pathogenic microbe
Foreign antigens
91
What to red blood cells look like?
Frisbee
92
What do white blood cells look like?
Biggest
93
What to platelets look like?
Smallest
94
Which cell transports oxygen
Red blood cells
95
Which cell initiates clots
Platelets
96
Which cell functions in immune responses
White blood cells
97
Breastfeeding is an example of what type of immunity
Passive
98
Antibodies on antigens helps to
Provide protection against pathogens
99
What do phagocytes do in the blood ?
Engulf bacteria
100
Lymphocytes
Antibody production
101
Antibody production
Lymphocytes
102
Which substance is known as lymph after it passes into lymph vessels?
Intracellular fluid
103
Lymphatic system
Helps u not get sick
104
Which cells are able to carry on the process of phagocytosis?
White blood cells
105
Which cells are able to carry on the process of phagocytosis?
White blood cells
106
In humans, a function of intercellular fluid is to
Serve as a transport of things
107
What side of the heart has deoxygenated blood
Right but in picture left
108
Hemoglobin is
Protein in red blood cells
109
I’m humans, excess fluid and other substances surrounding the cells are returned to the blood by
Lymph vessels
110
What is the plasma
Blood water
111
Right ventricle
Big thing on the right (left in picture)
112
Right atrium
On top of right ventricle
113
Aorta
Tubes on top of heart
114
Tubes on top of heart
Aorta
115
On top of right ventricle
Right atrium
116
Big thing on the right (left in picture)
Right ventricle
117
Pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein
On the left side of the heart. Vein looks wider.
Carries opposite
118
Superior vena cava
Top right 2 butts
119
Top right 2 butts
Superior vena cava
120
Intracellular digestion
Digestion within the mouth
121
Starch digestion enzyme
Amylase
122
Extracellular digestion
Digestion occurs outside of the cell in body cavities
Ex. Small intestine
123
Digestion occurs outside of the cell in body cavities
Ex. Small intestine
Extracellular digestion
124
Digestion within the mouth
Intracellular digestion
125
Mechanical digestion
Changing the size or shape of foods
126
Changing the size or shape of foods
Mechanical digestion
127
Chemical digestion
Changing the chemical composition of foods
128
Changing the chemical composition of foods
Chemical digestion
129
Mouth
Teeth- mechanical
Tongue- helps mix food with saliva
(Amylase)
130
Amylase
Starch digestion enzyme
| Aids in swalowing
131
Salivary glands
Produces saliva
Water aids in mechanical digestion of all foods
Salivary amylase is the enzyme found in saliva
132
Produces saliva
Salivary glands
133
Esophagus
Muscular tube that connects to the mouth and stomach
Peristalsis - wave like contraction of muscles
Peristalsis moves food from mouth to stomach
134
Muscular tube that connects to the mouth and stomach
Esophagus
135
Peristalsis
Wave like contraction of muscles
136
Wave like contraction of muscles
Peristalsis
137
Stomach
Muscular sac about the size of your fist
Has a mucus lining to protect from HCI bits
High acidity or gastric fluid (denatures proteins
Mixes food, enzymes (pepsin), and HCI with muscular contractions
138
Enzymes in stomach
Pepsin
139
Pepsin
Enzyme in stomach
140
Mechanical digestion in stomach
Churning (mixing)
141
Muscular sac about the size of your fist
Has a mucus lining to protect from HCI bits
High acidity or gastric fluid (denatures proteins
Mixes food, enzymes (pepsin), and HCI with muscular contractions
Stomach
142
Small intestine
ABSORPTION OF NUTRIENTS
(And vitamins)
_________________________________________________
Contains intestinal glands that secrete digestive enzymes
Most digestions occur here and all is completed here
Has villi which are small finger like projections that increase surface area for absorption of nutrients
143
Where do most digestion’s occur?
Small intestine
144
Where are all digestion’s completed?
Small intestine
145
Site of nutrient absorption
Small intestine
146
Villi
Small finger like projections that increase surface area for absorption of nutrients
147
Small finger like projections that increase surface area for absorption of nutrients
Villi
148
Roughage
Foods not readily digestible
FOOD THAT CLEANS OUR SMALL INTESTINE (SCRAPES)
149
Foods not readily digestible
FOOD THAT CLEANS OUR SMALL INTESTINE (SCRAPES)
Roughage
150
Large intestine
WATER ABSORPTION
____________________________________
Short tube with wider diameter
No digestion occurs here
Waste moves via peristalsis (wave like contraction of muscles)
151
Does digestion occur in the large intestine ?
No
152
Does digestion occur in the small intestine?
Yes
153
Water absorption
Large intestine
154
WATER ABSORPTION
____________________________________
Short tube with wider diameter
No digestion occurs here
Waste moves via peristalsis (wave like contraction of muscles)
Large intestine
155
Rectum
Lower end of large intestine
Semi-solid waste (feces) stay here until egested via the anus
156
Lower end of large intestine
Semi-solid waste (feces) stay here until egested via the anus
Rectum
157
What does the pancreas look like?
A leaf
158
Pancreas
PRODUCES INSULIN (BREAKDOWN SUGARS)
Produces enzymes that digest every type of nutrient
These enzymes are called proteases, amylases, lipases
The enzymes are secreted into the small intestine.
159
What does the pancreas produce
Insulin (breakdown sugars)
160
PRODUCES INSULIN (BREAKDOWN SUGARS)
Produces enzymes that digest every type of nutrient
These enzymes are called proteases, amylases, lipases
The enzymes are secreted into the small intestine.
Pancreas
161
From where are enzymes severed into the small intestine
Pancreas
162
What does the liver produce
Bile
163
Bile
Breaks fats down into “globs”
The globs gave more surface area for enzymes to do their jobs
164
Breaks fats down into “globs”
The globs gave more surface area for enzymes to do their jobs
Bile
165
Liver
Produces bile
Cleans out some of the garbage (alcohol)
166
Gall bladder
Stores bile
| Secretes it into the small intestine
167
From where is bile secreted into the small intestine?
Gall bladder
168
What stores bile?
Gall bladder
169
Ulcers
Damage to the stomach wall due to mucus lining thinning or being destroyed
Burning muscles of the stomach wall
170
Damage to the stomach wall due to mucus lining thinning or being destroyed
Burning muscles of the stomach wall
Ulcers
171
Constipation
Feces (poopie) is too hard because too much water has been removed.
172
Feces (poopie) is too hard because too much water has been removed.
Constipation
173
Diarrhea
Feces (poopie) has too much water due to the large intestine not absorbing enough.
174
Feces (poopie) has too much water due to the large intestine not absorbing enough.
Diarrhea
175
Nervous system
Coordinates body functions using nerve cells and brain
176
Coordinates body functions using nerve cells and brain
Nervous system
177
Brain
Major organ of nervous system
178
Major organ of nervous system
Brain
179
Autonomic
Involuntary movements
Heart beating, peristalsis, organ movement
180
Involuntary movements
Heart beating, peristalsis, organ movement
Autonomic
181
Somatic
Voluntary motions
182
Voluntary motions
Somatic
183
Muscular system
Organ system consisting of skeletal, smooth (organs), and cardiac muscles
Permits movement of the body, maintains posture and circulates blood throughout the body
184
Tendents
Attaching muscle to bone
185
Skeletal
Bones, cartilage, ligaments and other tissues that perform movement
The internal support structure of the body
(Structural beams)
Protects organs
186
Bones, cartilage, ligaments and other tissues that perform movement
The internal support structure of the body
(Structural beams)
Protects organs
Skeletal
187
Organ system consisting of skeletal, smooth (organs), and cardiac muscles
Permits movement of the body, maintains posture and circulates blood throughout the body
Muscular system
188
Reflex
Nerve cell receives stimulus
Sends message to the brain
Brain sends message to the muscle
189
How do muscle and skeletal system react
They react to create movement
190
Endocrine/ hormone response
Chemical messengers (hormones) send signals to body systems to cause movement
191
Chemical messengers (_____) send signals to body systems to cause movement
Endocrine/hormone response
192
Endocrine system
Collection of glands spread throughout the body that secretes hormones
193
Collection of glands spread throughout the body that secretes hormones
Endocrine system
194
Hormones
Chemical messengers
195
Chemical messengers
Hormones
196
What do hormones do ?
* Regulate growth, development, behaviors, reproduction
* maintain HOMEOSTASIS
* Responds to chemical stimuli from outside
197
* Regulate growth, development, behaviors, reproduction
* maintain HOMEOSTASIS
* Responds to chemical stimuli from outside
Hormones
198
Feedback mechanisms
Loop system in which the sustenances responds to stimulus
199
Loop system in which the sustenances responds to stimulus
Feedback mechanisms
200
Negative hormone feedback
Example
One thing goes up, the other goes down
•as blood sugar increases, pancreas releases insulin which causes glucose to decrease
201
One thing goes up, the other goes down
Negative hormone feedback
202
Positive hormone feedback example
Oxytocin hormone causes contractions and the contractions that occur stimulate the production of more oxytocin
203
Oxytocin hormone causes contractions and the contractions that occur stimulate the production of more oxytocin
Lost it I’ve hormone feedback
204
Fight or flight
Stress simulated the adrenal gland to release adrenaline which causes the heart to pump faster and increase the blood flow (O2) around the body, leading to more cellular respiration and more ATP
205
Stress simulated the adrenal gland to release adrenaline which causes the heart to pump faster and increase the blood flow (O2) around the body, leading to more cellular respiration and more ATP
Fight or flight
206
How do hormones work
Each hormone is target specific, hey recognize the complimentary shapes on receptor cells
207
Oxytocin
PITUITARY
Stimulated by positive feedback
Causes contractions, love hormone, happy hormone
208
Stimulated by positive feedback
Causes contractions, love hormone, happy hormone
PITUITARY
Oxytocin
209
Prolactin
Stimulated by positive feedback
Milk production
PITUITARY
210
Stimulated by positive feedback
Milk production
PITUITARY
Prolactin
211
Thyroxine
Controls metabolism (heart rate, digestion, etc.)
THYROID
212
Controls metabolism (heart rate, digestion, etc.)
THYROID
Thyroxine
213
Adrenaline
Controls fight or flight response, increase blood circulation, raise heart rate
ADRENAL
214
Controls fight or flight response, increase blood circulation, raise heart rate
ADRENAL
Adrenaline
215
Estrogen
Female sex characteristics
OVARIES
216
Female sex characteristics
OVARIES
Estrogen
217
Testosterone
Mostly male sex characteristics
TESTES
218
Mostly male sex characteristics
TESTES
Testosterone
219
Pituitary hormones
Oxytocin
Prolactin
220
Oxytocin
Prolactin
Pituitary glands
221
Thyroid hormone
Thyroxine
222
Adrenal hormone
Adrenaline
223
Insulin
Controls blood sugar
PANCREAS
224
Pancreas hormone
Insulin
225
Controls blood sugar
PANCREAS
Insulin
226
Ovaries hormone
Estrogen
227
Testes hormone
Testosterone
228
Main job of the respiratory system
Provide our body with oxygen for cellular respiration, to remove CO2
229
Plants exchange gases through
Stomates
230
Plants take in _ and release _
CO2
O20
231
Nasal cavity has a space which _____ the air, ________ which moisten the air, and ________ which filter the air
Warms
Mucus membranes
Hair
232
Larynx
Voice box
233
Voice box
Larynx
234
Trachea has rings of ______ to hold the airway open, ___________ (besting Haifa) and mucus to keep the airway clean
Cartilage
Cilia
235
Bronchi are tubes that branch to each _____
Lung
236
________ are the smaller tubes in the lungs
Bronchioles
237
Alveoli are thin, __________ pockets of air surrounded by a _______
One cell later thick
Capillary
238
Where does oxygen diffuse to the blood and CO2 diffuse from the flood
Alveoli and capillaries
239
Allergies
Benign (non harmful) substances
Your body releases histamine that causes symptoms
240
Benign (non harmful) substances
Your body releases histamine that causes symptoms
Allergies
241
Asthma
Muscles around bronchioles tighten and won’t relax. The airway swells and mucus is produced
242
Muscles around bronchioles tighten and won’t relax. The airway swells and mucus is produced
Asthma
243
Bronchitis
Infection and inflammation
Hard to breath
244
Emphysema
Alveoli become inelastic (can’t stretch anymore(
