Cell Function and Oncology

Question 1

Why do cells adapt?

Answer 1

Respond to stress

Maintain homeostasis

Question 2

5 main ways cells adapt

Answer 2

1. Hypertrophy (more cell production for an organ or tissue)
2. Atrophy
3. Hyperplasia (more cell growth)
4. Metaplasia (abnormal change in tissue)
5. Dysplasia (different type of cell growth in an abnormal area)

Question 3

trophy

Answer 3

Nourishment

Question 4

plasia

Answer 4

growth

Question 5

Where do all cells come from?

Answer 5

Stem cells

Question 6

What is in the nucleus

Answer 6

DNA

Question 7

Proliferation

Answer 7

Rapid reproduction

Question 8

Mitosis

Answer 8

Type of reproduction of cells

Question 9

Differentiation

Answer 9

Specialized cells

Question 10

Gene expression

Answer 10

Brings out n appearance and function in a cell

Question 11

What are daughter cells

Answer 11

identical

Question 12

Apoptosis

Answer 12

falling off (cell death)

Question 13

Phagocyte

Answer 13

What will consume a dead cell

Question 14

Abnormal cell death

Answer 14

when the cell bursts

Question 15

Necrotic tissue

Answer 15

Dead tissue

Question 16

Gangrene

Answer 16

When bacteria and necrosis happen together.

No O2 so spreads easily (no blood flow)

Question 17

Oncogenes

Answer 17

When a cell doesn’t die but has mutated DNA

Question 18

Dysplasia

Answer 18

Cell mutates
May change in shape and structure
Still has special function
Still reversible

Question 19

Premotor

Answer 19

Encourages a damaged or mutated cell to multiply

Question 20

Neoplasm

Answer 20

Not cancer

Cell growth that doesn’t respond to regulatory processes

Question 21

Anaplasia

Answer 21

Cell mutated and has lost special function

Hallmark of malignancy

Question 22

Tumor

Answer 22

Bunch of cells that don’t respond to normal functions

Can be benign or malignant

Question 23

How often does cell damage occur in the body

Answer 23

All the time

Most damage is handled

Question 24

Percentage of cancer in men and women

Answer 24

42% of women

45% men

Question 25

4 most common cancers

Answer 25

Breast, prostate, colorectal, lung

Question 26

Some risk factors

Answer 26

Genes, Radiation, oncoviruses, carcinogens, hormones, aging, immune system, and lifestyle (smoking, lack of exercise, poor diet, obesity)

Question 27

Benign

Answer 27

Differentiated cells Does not metastasize (localized) Growth rate is slow Can cause damage through compression, obstruction, or distension

Question 28

Malignant

Answer 28

Undifferentiated cells Does metastasize Growth rate is rapid Causes damage by destroying surrounding tissue

Question 29

The tumor's ability to survive

Answer 29

O2 and nutrition

Question 30

Angiogenesis

Answer 30

Growth of new blood cells | Tumor will secrete substances to get more blood vessels

Question 31

2 ways to diagnose cancer

Answer 31

``` Tumor markers (blood tests) Histology and cytology (ex.biopsy) ```

Question 32

3 ways a malignant cell can spread

Answer 32

Transcoelomic (penetrating a body cavity) Hematogenous (through blood) Lymphatic (through the lymphatic system)

Question 33

Grading

Answer 33

Grade the degree of differentiation | **differentiated is good

Question 34

Staging

Answer 34

Extent of the disease (1-4) 1. size of tumor 2. lymph node involvement 3. metastasize

Question 35

Future of cancer treatment

Answer 35

testing target specific cells | personalized treatment because everyones cancer is different and each cell is different

Question 36

Optimal goal for cancer treatment

Answer 36

Killing cancerous cells and preserving healthy ones

Question 37

Surgical treatment for cancer

Answer 37

``` Removing the tumor Amputate Biopsy Prophylaxis Reconstruction ```

Question 38

Radiation

Answer 38

Local tumor Destroys all cells in that area Must be immobile

Question 39

Chemo

Answer 39

Not localized Affects every cell in your body Attacks fast multiplying cells

Question 40

Prognosis

Answer 40

Likelihood of curing the disease

Question 41

Remission

Answer 41

No physical signs of cancer cells

Question 42

Relapse

Answer 42

Cancer returns after treatment in another part of the body

Question 43

Cured

Answer 43

Remission for more than 5 years

Question 44

2 objectives fro supporting a client

Answer 44

Minimize side effects | Promote a healthy lifestyle

Question 45

Refractory

Answer 45

Not responding to treatment