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Year 2 > Cell M2: Module 1 > Flashcards

Cell M2: Module 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

signalling with the most distance between cells

A

endocrine signalling

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2
Q

signalling where cells are a distance away from eachother (not farthest away)

A

paracrine signalling

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3
Q

An enzyme that takes a phosphate group from an ATP and adds it to serine, threonine or tyrosine

A

protein kinases

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4
Q

frequent way of modifuing target proteins, involves the addtion of a phosphate group to a serine, threonine, or tyrosine

A

protein phosphorylation

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5
Q

protein dephosphorylation, where a phosphate group is cleaved, is acmmonplished by who

A

phosphatase

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6
Q

ionotropic receptors structure:

A

4-5 sububits grouped around central pore

charge amino acids form selectivity filter

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7
Q

G-protein coupled receptors

A

metabotropic receptors

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8
Q

GPCR structure

A

span membrane 7 times

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9
Q

structiure of enzyme linked receptors

A

extracellular domain for ligan binding

intracellular domain for enzymatic activity

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10
Q

what is the normal enzyme activity of enzyme-linked receptors

A

usually a kinase activity

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11
Q

what do receptor tyrosine kinases do

A

phosphorylate substrates into tyrosine residues

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12
Q

what does serine/theronin receptor kinases do

A

takes phsophate from substrate and give to ser/thr residues

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13
Q

what do tyrosin and ser/thr phosphatases receptors do

A

enzyme linked recepts that give phosphate to substrates that have had one taken from them–> returning them back to their original form

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14
Q

how do enzyme-linked receptors work

A

ligand binding to extracellular domain activators receptor for anzymatic activity

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15
Q

intracellular receptors are located where:

A

cytoplam or nucleus

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16
Q

what activates an intracellular receptor

A

ligand, a small lipophillic signalling molecule that has crossed PM

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17
Q

when not ligan bound what happens to intracellular recepts

A

attached to inhibitory proteins

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18
Q

what receptors move to nucleus after dishibition after ligan binding

A

plasmic (cytoplasmic) intracellular receptors

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19
Q

what is the purpose of intracellular receptors

A

once theyre in nucleus they can bind to DNA and act as transcriptiona modulators for DNA by effecting prevelance of specific genes

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20
Q

proteins that are able to bind to and hydrolyze GTP

A

Gproteins

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21
Q

Classes of G proteins

A

heterotrimeric, and small monomeric

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22
Q

what are heterotrimeric g proteins activated by

A

GPCR receptor

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23
Q

hat ar esmall monomeric g protein receptors activated by

A

receptors tyrosin kinases which phosphorylates substrates to obtain a phosphate and then lets go of an adaptor protein which activates GEF

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24
Q

What inactivates heterotrimeric G proteins? how?

A

GAP- by cleaving a phosphate group of of GTP

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25
What does Gs have an effect on
activates adenylate cyclase
26
What does Gi have an effect on
inhibits adenylate cyclase
27
What does Gt have an effect on
Activates phosphodiesterase
28
what does acitvated Phosphodilipase C effect
diaclglycerol goes up | IP3 goes up
29
What does adenylate cylase have an effect on
cAMP
30
What does phosphodiesterase have an effect on
inhibits cGMP
31
what does ras endpoint
MAP Kinase pathways
32
what is the rho endpoint
ROCK Kinase
33
What is the rab endpoint
various
34
what is the function of ras
cel proliferation, differentiation and survival
35
what is the function of rho
actin dynamics
36
what is teh function of rab
membrane trafficking
37
cAMP, cGMP, IP3 and DAG, and calcium are all _________
second messangers
38
what does cAMP have an effect on
Protein Kinase A
39
what can cAMP by degraded by
phosphodiesterase
40
what is protein kinase A made of
catalytic and inhibitory subunits
41
what happens to protein kinase A if cAMP binds
the inhibitory protein dissicociates from the catalytic
42
what is cGMP generated from
guanylyl cyclase after it is activated by GTP
43
what does cGMP have an effect on
Protein kinase G, and can bind to cyclic nucleotide gatd ion channels to open them
44
Are cGMP levels normally high or low? why?
high to keep cyclic nucleotide gated channels open
45
what signal causes the decreases of cGMP?
phosphodiesterase when Gt protein bound
46
what is the important second messanger for photoreceptor
cGMP
47
what does Phosphatidylinositol biphosphate (PIP2) generate? how?
IP3 and DAG when cleaved by phospholipase C
48
where is IP3 located
in the cytosol; second messanger
49
where is DAG located
plasma membrane
50
Where does IP3 go
binds to IP3 receptors in the ER, which when bound open to allow flow of calcium
51
what does DAG do
activates plasma membrane associated proteins like Protein Kinase C, which phosphorylate serine and threonine residues
52
what is calcium
a second messanger
53
What does CAlcium ATPase punmp ( PMCA) do
actively extruds Ca from cytoplasm
54
what does Na+/Ca2+ pump do
uses Na+ gradiant across PM to extrude calcium
55
What does sacro/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase (SERCA) do?
uses ATP energy to take Ca2+ from cytoplasm into lumen in ER
56
What uptakes calcium from cytoplasm
mitochondria, SERCA
57
Where does Calcium come from in plasma membrane? sources of Ca2+ signals
Voltage gated calcim channels; ligand-gated Ca2+ channels
58
Where does Calcium come from in intracellular stores
IP3 receptors- in ER membrane; ryanodine recepts (calcium induced calcium release- amplifies calicum signal)
59
how does calcium ellicit a cellular response
calcium sesnors of calmodulin family (CaM) that bind calcium in a cooperative manner anf then can go bind and activate other proteins
60
What can calmodulin (CaM) bin and activate once it itself has been activated by calcium
enzymes like kinases and phosphatases calcium channels Calicum calmodulin dependent kinases
61
Explain CMKII
calcium calmodulin dependent kinase II, most import CaMK isoform; mosulates synaptic transmission by phosphorylating proteins
62
is CaMK normally active or inactive
inactive with regulatory and catalytic domain
63
what binds to CaMK to release regulatory domain from catalytic domain
Calmodulin
64
Increase of Protein Kinase A results in
increase protein phosphorylation
65
Calcium release and protein kinase C result in
increase protein phosphorylation and activate calicum binding proteins
66
why is signal tranduction gene expression requiring slow
is requires new mRNA synthesis but this is very long lasting
67
what are transcriptional activator and what doe they do
proteins that bind to specific DNA sequences and interact with general trnascription factors/ RNA polymerase to initiate synthesis of new mRNA
68
CREB is what
cAMP responsive element that is a transcriptional activator present in nucleus of cells
69
When can CREB bind to DNA in nucleus
when phosphorylated
70
what is CREB phosphorylated by-
protein kinase A calcium camodulin dependent kinase MAPK
71
c-fos
transcriptional activator present in unstimulated cellas at very low concentrations; immediate early gneer
72
genes for proteins present ni cells at very low concentrations only transcribed when activated. leads to transcription of other target gene
immediate early gene

Year 2 (19 decks)

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