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Year 2 > Methods in Experimental Psychology > Flashcards

Methods in Experimental Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

A word that means there’s always simple and a complex explanation in science

A

Parsimonious

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2
Q

What does a lot of bad science start with?

A

The complex explanation of the parsimonious model

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3
Q

bearded man followed by ducks
Imprinting
Ethologists like to explain behaviour with instincts
He made the point you have aggressive behaviour and that’s an instinct and that instinct causes aggression, and that demonstrates the aggressive instinct. Done.

A

Konrad lorenz

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4
Q

method of ____: Don’t like, based on beliefs basically, and you won’t win arguments if you ask someone about it because it’s an argument about their beliefs

A

method of tenacity

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5
Q

What did Popper say about theories?

A

If you want to put a theory down as bad, you have to be able to falsify it with evidence

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6
Q

what theory wins between two competing ones?

A

Simpler one wins and theory with most evidence to back it up

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7
Q
  • Richer countries focused on this before the 1980s, but now applied gets more funding
  • wanted to know the basic understandings about certain things in the world. Which good applied research is then based on
A

fundamental research

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8
Q
  • Used to be used mostly by poor countries/ countries that underfunded research
  • Richer countries focus on this over fundamental today
  • solving problem without any real theory
A

applied research

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9
Q

what type of research?

  • correlational (links b/w variables, can help generate hypothesis)
  • descriptive and observational
    - Case histories/ studies
    - Surveys , interviews
    • content analysis, meta-analysis
A

non-experimental

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10
Q

_____ approach to science
Top-down, theory driven
“Theory testing”

A

deductive

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11
Q

____ approach to science
Bottom up, Observation driven
“Theory building”

A

inductive

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12
Q

_____ research that uses a large number of subjects

A

nomothetic

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13
Q

______ research that uses a single case/ subject and is then repeated to test for validity

A

Idiographic

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14
Q

_____ research

- starts with theory, then addresses the theory

A

theoretical

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15
Q

_____ research
more common in applied sciences (don’t care as much about theory but trying to solve a problem
- might have to go back to test theories

A

A- theoretical (data-driven)

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16
Q

______

  • science based on historical data
  • how things change over time
A

diachronic

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17
Q

______

- science based on here and now

A

Synchronic

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18
Q

Is qualitative data or quantitative data more dependable/ scientifically valid?

A

Quantitative data

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19
Q

Explain Small n research

Why large number of subjects is good, why small number is good

A

A lot of scientists say if you really want a good experiment, more subjects the better
Principle behind this? → your sample should be representative of population, larger sample, better representative
Problem with this: produces science to an average
Comparing average of control, with average of experimental group
Participants contribute to average, but individuals are lost
Maybe sometimes we should focus on individual case more
Gordon - we study personality, and tests, based on data of people in groups of 1000 or more. Study the person.

Why don’t outliers do what the general pop do.

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20
Q

Type of research:
count steps, words, Donald trump is prime subject(vocab limit) Maybe he
has dementia, as vocab since 90s has narrowed

A

content analysis

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21
Q

Type of research:
Vitamin d - heart health
Correlational data by itself to see that maybe a correlation, then test in an experimental setting

A

Correlational

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22
Q

Type of research ______
- take bunch of studies answering same question, put together, make a large
study from all independent studies. See patterns emerging
St john’s wort, better than placebo/ some antidepressants
Did meta-analysis - indeed effect is there

A

meta-analysis

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23
Q

Type of research____
used in hospital a lot
Some is good, quantitative, experimental
But some is not.
H.M. amnesia case. Phineas gage - rod in brain -
Rare cases especially are useful, bc you get from this case you wouldn’t otherwise bc it’s rare and or unethical to promote
- surveys and interviews

A

case studies

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24
Q

non-experimental research, ______: non-intrusive, make sure animals not aware researcher is there.

A

Naturalistic observations:

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25
Start studying animals, tribes, live with for awhile and hope they forget about you, think of you as part of your group Problem with this approach, it's hard to argue your presence as an outsider is not going to influence behaviour. But it will still probably get interesting data
participant observation
26
what is ecological validity
an experiment has ecological validity if it reflect real-life situations or the data that would be obtained in real life settings
27
Define the "detection" part of psychophysics
s it there or not; a fluke or not; disease or not | And there are different levels of detection with this
28
Define the "discrimmination" part of psychophysics
Comparing something; choice or many different choice and you make a decision based on these choices
29
Define the "identification" part of psychophysics
requires a name for stimulus or stimuli | commiting to saying you understand what it is
30
define the "scale" part of psychophysics
How much of it"; gradients SDT will apply to the first 3 processing types Tell me beyond a threshold if its there or not. We all know its there, but how much of it is there is what i'm asking To be clear on what the threshold is
31
What are the 4 basic elements of signal detection theory (SDT)
1. signals 2. response 3. noise 4. response bias
32
describe the "signals" part of SDT?
signals coming from the stimulus; the object; the target
33
describe the "response" part of SDT?
how do you know something is going on; the action or decision made
34
describe the "noise" part of SDT?
he "uncertainty" factor, the interference (intrinsic or extrinsic)
35
describe the "response bias" part of SDT?
the bias from the decision maker, the responder (receiver) | Can be "liberal or conservative"
36
Describe the evolution of Group-selection theory
thesis (early years): group selection theory antithesis (later years): kin selection theory synthesis (modern) : multi-level selection
37
What is the method of intuition based on? | what is it used for?
a hunch or gut feeling | sometimes used to create a hypothesis
38
What is the method of faith based on?
``` common beliefs "everyone knows that" from authority (not always experts) and we don't question it ```
39
What is the method of authority
looking at research vs doing research
40
What is the rational method? | What is it useful for?
using logical reasoning for thought experiments | essential in planning of research designs and useful on a scientific panel
41
what is the main method of verification of theories?
falsibility
42
Who died with hid theory that dogs didnt come from wolves?
Kuhn
43
When is small sample sized research important
when studying differences in people, we don't wnt a group average
44
data that sparks interest in a question by having outliers that may or may not be flukes
ancedotal data
45
the ability to reflect real-life situations or data that would eb obtained in real-life settings
ecological validility
46
abductive appraoche where you use prior konwledge to make an educated guess. Often used by family practitioners
bayesian approach
47
accuracy is measured on ROC curve by ____
d'
48
observers bias is measured on the ROC curve by the ____
criterion or c or beta
49
when d ' is ___ it is harder to detect or discrimminate
when d' is small
50
When is SDT and ROC curves irrelevent
when the curves of noise and stimulus do not overlap
51
a person who says yes is ___
liberal
52
a person who says no easily is ______
conservative
53
d' equation for detectability
d' = Z(hits) - Z (false alarms)
54
d' equation for discrimmination
d' = (Z (hit) - Z (flase alarms))/ 2^0.5`
55
what are discrimmination curves on ROC
stimulus 1 vs stimulus 2
56
what are the detection curves on ROC
noise vs (noise + simulus)
57
the correct rejection rate (true negative rate TNR)
specificity
58
the hit rate (True positive rate (TPR)
sensitivity
59
Type 1 errors are also called
false alarms
60
Type 2 errors are also called
misses
61
low type 1 error indicates
high specificity
62
high type 1 error indicates
low specificity
63
low type 2 errors indicate
high sensitvity
64
high type 2 errors indicate
low sensitivity
65
validility = constant error = ____
accuracy
66
validility = variable error
precision
67
repeatability vs reproducibility
``` repeatability= same conditions and short time range reproducability = different conditinos same outcome over long time range ```
68
symptoms and diagnositic criteria ___ validility
content
69
correlatinos and reponse to treatment ____ validility
concurrent
70
diagnositic stability over time ____vailidility
predictive
71
can it discrimminate between disorders ____ validility
discrimminate validility
72
the validility of a diagnosis
diagnostic validility
73
association between a predictor and an outcome variabe is an _______ study
oberservational
74
detection/ discrimmination between "yes" or "no" --> more than association, is a ____ study
diagnostic
75
accuracy is a balance of ___ and ___
sensitivity and specificity
76
while diagnosing: | if prevalance is low tests need to be _____
specific
77
while diagnosing | if prevalance is high tests need to be ______
sensitive
78
while diagnosing what is prior probability
the base rate, the probability of this person getting a disease based on their background
79
while diagnosing what is the predictive value
the liklihood of a positive or negative tests
80
the act of giving a misleading impression
a distortion
81
what is the distortion rule
procedures used to make observations should not introduce distortions
82
what can distortions come from
insturments oberserver/experimenters sampling procedures environment
83
a set of laws/traditions that form a scientific tradition
paradigm
84
a collection of hypotheses about a specific a
theory
85
a specific implementation of a theory
a model
86
a general "fact" that is accepted; not always tested
principle
87
a generally accepted process or pattern
a rule
88
substantially verified theory
a law
89
a testable statement about the statement about the relationship between variables
a hypothesis
90
the steps fo defining a theory
1. defining the scope 2. reviewing the literature 3. formulating the theory 4. establishing predictive validility 5. testing the theory empirically
91
variables that cannot be observed directly and not observed initially. inferred from the data as a link between other variables
intervening variables
92
describe strong inferences
developing several alternative theories and testing all prefictions; works well in highly controlled studies
93
describe severe experimental testing
error detection and correction | progress from the identification of errors
94
ostensive definitions
phenomena to be obersved shuld be carefully describes (graphically, photographically, ect) and examples given
95
rate the scales of measurement from least information yielded to most information yielded
nominal --> ordinal --> interval --> ratio
96
what are the quantitative scales of measurement? What are the qualitative scales of measurement?
quantitative: interval and ratio scales qualitative: nominal and ordinal scales
97
what are the differences between the interval and ratio scales?
the interval scales is less mathematical, has no absolute zero the ratio scale has an absolute zero and 70= 0.5 x 140
98
what is a quantitative independent variable
a treatment that differs in frequency, amount, or degree
99
what is a qualitative independent variable?
the different kinds of treatment
100
what is a quantitative dependent variable
the score or duration observed
101
what is a qualitative dependent variable
the special procedure needed as a response observed
102
a threatening variable with obscuring factors that has an impact on the dependent variable; you have no control over this. We assume it will not impact data
an extraneous variable
103
an extraneous variable that can inadvertently affect another experimental variable. this WILL impact data
a confounding variable
104
what are demand characteristics
the participants own experiences changing their behaviour during an experiement
105
what types of subjects do researchers want
faithful subjects
106
what is a nocebo effect
the opposite of placebo (treatment has positive effect based on participants positive expectations), treatment has more negative effect because of the expectations of the treatment
107
what is placebo effect
treatment has positive effect based on participants positive expectations
108
what is the unrelated-experiment technique
same participants, two studies that the participants do not believe are related, where we give the independent variable to the subjects in one experiment, and give the dependent variable to subjects in another experiment
109
explain experimental-expectancy control groups
3 groups of researchers lead 3 different groups into believing three different results of the independent variable, one with the experimental outcome, one with another experimental outcome, one with no effect, to determine the effect of subject expectation
110
the ideal method of sampling
random sampling
111
what is stratified sampling? random or non-random?
random; sample within segments of the population ex: age, gender, ect
112
what is clustered sampling? random or non-random?
random; sampling from naturally occurring units of individuals ex: students in a class
113
what is proportionate sampling? random or non-random?
random; sampling that avoids over-representation in one area or segment of the population
114
what is haphazard sampling? random or non-random?
non-random; might look random but isn't ex: grabbing fish from a fish tank
115
what is convinence sampling? random or non-random?
non-random; drawing samples from population close to you
116
what is volunteer-sampling? random or non-random?
non-random; sampling that is a self-selection process; participants are more likely more outgoing or possess common traits that made them volunteer
117
what is systematic sampling? random or non-random?
non-random, every nth element chosen, not random
118
what is sequential sampling? random or non-random?
non-random; gradual, one at a time selection; might run out of good particpants quicker and change requirements of subjects
119
what is quota sampling? random or non-random?
non-random; stratified sampling without randomness
120
what is purposful/selective sampling? random or non-random?
non-random; based on predetermined criteria ex: exceptional individuals ex: dogs
121
random sampling vs random assignment
random sampling: randomly selecting subjects for a population to put into samples Random assignement is where subjects in a sample are then randomly assigened a condition

Year 2 (19 decks)

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