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The Human Cell > Cell Organelles > Flashcards

Cell Organelles Flashcards

1
Q

What are cells?

A

Small units bound by a plasma membrane

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2
Q

Cells contain an aqueous fluid called

A

the cytosol

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3
Q

Cells contain chemicals in the

A

cytoplasm

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4
Q

Cells have structural support called the

A

cytoskeleton

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5
Q

All cells are surrounded by a

A

plasma membrane

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6
Q

The plasma membrane is a

A

single membrane

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7
Q

The plasma membrane is

A

selectively permeable

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8
Q

What is the difference between the intracellular and extracellular fluid?

A

The intracellular fluid is found inside the cell and the extracellular fluid is found outside the cell

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9
Q

What is the cytosol?

A

The aqueous component of the cytoplasm of a cell within which various organelles and particles are suspended

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10
Q

The plasma membrane is a complex of…

A

lipids
proteins
carbohydrates

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11
Q

List four carbohydrates which make up the plasma membrane

A

glycolipids
glycoproteins
peptidoglycans
glycosaminoglycans

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12
Q

Why is the plasma membrane selectively permeable?

A

because lipids are amphipathic

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13
Q

What does amphipathic mean?

A

A molecule especially a protein which has both a hydrophilic and hydrophobic part

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14
Q

What model is used to describe the plasma membrane?

A

The fluid mosaic model

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15
Q

What allows hydrophilic solutes to be transported across the plasma membrane?

A

Integral and peripheral membrane proteins

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16
Q

What are peripheral membrane proteins?

A

Peripheral membrane proteins stay on the perimeter of other membrane proteins

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17
Q

What are integral proteins?

A

Proteins integrated into the membrane

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18
Q

What are transmembrane proteins?

A

Proteins that transfer across the entire membrane

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19
Q

What is a cell wall?

A

Surrounds the plasma membrane - limits passage of molecules into / out of the cell

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20
Q

What are plant cell walls composed of?

A

Cellulose

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21
Q

What is cellulose made of?

A

Complex carbohydrates which have to be digested by cellulase - animals don’t have this

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22
Q

What are bacteria cell walls composed of?

A

Peptidoglycan

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23
Q

Bacterial cell walls can be surrounded by a

A

gelatinous polysaccharide layer - glycocalyx as either capsule or slime layer

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24
Q

Bacterial cell walls can be stained to distinguish between gram pos and gram neg by which staining method?

A

Gram stain

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25
Q

What is the difference in layers to gram pos and gram neg bacteria?

A

Gram positive bacteria have a single layer in the cell wall, gram negative bacteria have several layers to the cell wall

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26
Q

What are the cell surface appendages and where do they attach?

A

Attach to the plasma mem/cell wall

  • villi
  • cilia
  • flagella
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27
Q

Which cell surface appendages help move the cell?

A

Flagella or cilia

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28
Q

Which cell surface appendage help move extracellular fluid

A

Cilia

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29
Q

Which cell surface appendages aid in increasing the cell’s surface area?

A

Villi/microvilli

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30
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

Contains the cells blueprint for proteins -the DNA

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31
Q

What is the theory of biogenesis?

A

The hypothesis that all living matter arises only from other living matter

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32
Q

What is cell proliferation?

A

An increase in cell number as a result of cell division and growth

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33
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

condensed chromatin

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34
Q

What is chromatin?

A

The DNA and histone proteins

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35
Q

Where is the DNA, histone proteins and chromosomes contained?

A

In the nucleolus

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36
Q

What must happen in the first phase of mitosis?

A

Replication of the DNA blueprint

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37
Q

In a non-dividing cell, the DNA in the nucleus is used as a blueprint for what process?

A

protein synthesis

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38
Q

Protein synthesis is a two step process, what is the first step and where does this occur?

A

In the nucleus

Transcription of DNA to RNA

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39
Q

What is the second step in protein synthesis and where does this occur?

A

Translation of RNA to protein

in the endoplasmic reticulum

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40
Q

How are the nucleus and nucleolus separated from the cytoplasm?

A

By a double membrane (nuclear envelope) around the nucleus with nuclear pores

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41
Q

What are centrioles?

A

A perpendicular pair of specialist microtubules only found adjacent to the nucleus in animal cells

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42
Q

What are microtubules made out of?

A

tubulin

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43
Q

What is the function of centrioles?

A

to organise mitotic or meiotic spindle

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44
Q

What surrounds the mitochondrion?

A

a double membrne

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45
Q

What are the inner and outer membranes of the mitochondria separated by?

A

An aqueous intermembrane space

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46
Q

The inner membrane of the mitochondria is convoluted into cristae, why?

A

Increase its total surface area

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47
Q

Inside the inner membrane on a mitochondria is the…

A

Matrix

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48
Q

Why do mitochondria have their own DNA?

A

originated from an endosymbiotic process involving a bacterial cell

49
Q

Mitochondria contain a series of what type of enzymes?

A

Oxidative enzymes

50
Q

The mitochondria catalyses aerobic _______ of fuels

A

catabolism

51
Q

The mitochondria harnesses energy as?

A

ATP

52
Q

Glycolysis occurs in the

A

cytoplasm of the cell

53
Q

Where does the krebs cycle occur?

A

in the mitochondrial matrix

54
Q

Where does phosphorylation of ADP to ATP occur in the mitochondria?

A

inner mitochondrial membrane

55
Q

The equation that harnesses energy as atp is…

A

c6h12o6 + 6o2 –> 6co2 + 6h20 + atp

56
Q

How do mitochondria harness energy from carbon based fuels?

A

by oxidative phosphorylation

57
Q

Which organelle generates and metabolises reactive oxygen species and free radicals?

A

The mitochondrion

58
Q

The mitochondrion has the ability to mediate

A

apoptosis

59
Q

what is apoptosis?

A

programmed cell death

60
Q

What are the synthetic organelles?

A

chloroplasts, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum and the golgi apparatus

61
Q

Where are chloroplasts found?

A

Only in photosynthetic cells

62
Q

What do chloroplasts catalyse?

A

anabolic metabolism

63
Q

What is the equation of chloroplasts harnessing light energy in photosynthesis?

A

energy + 6co2 + 6h20 –> c6h12o6 + 6o2

64
Q

The chloroplast is bounded by a double membrane and has its own

A

dna

65
Q

The mRNA code is translated into an amino acid sequence and then a peptide/protein by

A

ribosomes

66
Q

What are the three types of ribosomes?

A

messenger rna
ribosomal rna
transfer rna

67
Q

In the nucleolus, dna is transcribed into

A

rna

68
Q

ribosomes have two subunits, one which is

A

large and one which is small

69
Q

Each complex making up the two subunits in a ribosome is made up of

A

rRNA and proteins

70
Q

Which component of the ribosomal rna is enzymatic?

A

the enzymatic component is rRNA

71
Q

describe the prokaryotic ribosome

A

small subunit - 30S,
large subunit - 50S
70S

72
Q

describe the eukaryotic ribosome

A

small subunit 40s
large subunit - 60s
80s

73
Q

how can the different ribosomes in prokaryotes and eukaryotes be exploited?

A

in antibiotics

74
Q

what are polysomes?

A

several ribosomes translating the same mRNA template

75
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

A continuous, highly convoluted membrane system that spans from the nucleus to the plasma membrane

76
Q

what is the difference between the rough er and the smooth er?

A

the rough er is embedded with ribosomes

77
Q

The smooth er is the site of

A

lipid synthesis

78
Q

the rough er is the site of

A

protein synthesis (translation)

79
Q

Protein synthesis generally occurs in the ____ of the ____ of the rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

in the lumen of the cisternae

80
Q

How would one describe the structure of the golgi apparatus?

A

a series of specialised, stacked cisternae, through which proteins (and lipids) are processed before insertion into plasma membrane and secretion from plasma membrane

81
Q

Molecules enter the golgi apparatus from the

A

cis face

82
Q

molecules exit the golgi apparatus from the

A

trans face

83
Q

The molecules move through the golgi apparatus by

A

vesicular trafficking

84
Q

What is vesicular trafficking?

A

Membrane vesicle trafficking involves movement of important biochemical signal molecules from synthesis and packaging locations in golgi body to specific release locations on the inside of the plasma membrane of the secretory cell

85
Q

What are the three steps of vesicular trafficking?

A
  1. vesicle buds off from one membrane (cisterna)
  2. vesicle passes through the cytoplasm and fuses with another membrane
  3. traffics lumenal and membrane content of vesicle
86
Q

What is a vesicle?

A

a small spherical sealed, single membrane lipid bilayer - contains intracellular fluid

87
Q

The enzymes in the golgi apparatus can add carbohydrate, give two examples of this

A

carb + lipid = glycolipid

carb + protein = glycoprotein

88
Q

What is the overall function of the golgi apparatus?

A

‘sorts molecules for final destination’
almost everything that goes into it comes back out but in a modified, packaged form, often ready for export from the cell

89
Q

List the three digestive organelles.

A

endosomes
lysosomes
peroxisomes

90
Q

What is an endosome?

A

an incoming vesicle formed by endocytosis

91
Q

Endosomes bud off from plasma membranes in which two processes?

A

Pinocytosis and Phagocytosis

92
Q

There are three types of endosomes, what are they called?

A

Early, recycling and late

93
Q

What do late endosomes fuse with?

A

Vesicles containing lysozyme

94
Q

What is a lysosome?

A

an organelle in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells containing degradative enzymes enclosed in a membrane.

95
Q

What is a peroxisome?

A

Small membrane enclosed organelles that contain enzymes involved in a variety of metabolic reactions

96
Q

What two types of enzymes to peroxisomes contain?

A

Peroxidase and catalase enzymes

97
Q

Peroxisomes are involved in the initial catabolism of which four substances

A

long chain fatty acids, branched chain fatty acids, amino acids and polyamines

98
Q

Difference between a prokaryote and a eukaryote?

A

Prokaryotes don’t have a nucleus and eukaryotes do have a nucleus

99
Q

What is the only common organelle in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

The ribosome

100
Q

What is the nuceloid in a prokaryote?

A

A bacterial chromosome: single circular molecule of naked DNA , no histones

101
Q

Where does the metabolism occur in prokaryotes and why?

A

Occurs in the cytosol because there is no ER or mitochondria

102
Q

Are prokaryotes simple and eukaryotes complex?

A

No, there are 5 kingdoms of eukaryotes and 2 kingdoms of prokaryotes but each with multiple phyla

103
Q

What are the eukaryote kingdoms?

A

Multicellular - animals, plants, fungi. Unicellular - yeast, amoeba

104
Q

What are the prokaryotic kingdoms?

A

Bacteria and Archaea

105
Q

How many phyla are there of bacteria

A

12

106
Q

How many phyla are there of archaea?

A

6

107
Q

What are the four morphologies of prokaryotes?

A

Cocci, bacillus, spirochetes and vibrio (curved rods/commas)

108
Q

Why is it untrue to say that prokaryotes are unicellular and eukaryotes are multicellular

A

Some prokaryotes can be multicellular at specific stages of their life cycle and some eukaryotes are unicellular

109
Q

Are archaea always unicellular?

A

Yes babes

110
Q

Bacteria are usually unicellular but some bacteria have multicellular stages or form

A

colonies

111
Q

Not all eukaryotic cells have a nuclei, give two examples

A

Mature erythrocytes lack nuclei but most non-mammalian vertebrates have nucleated rbcs. Lens fibre cells in the eye have no nuclei

112
Q

Roughly how many mitochondria do hepatocytes have per cell? This account for how much of the cell volume?

A

Around 2000, 20% of the cell volume

113
Q

Liver cells need a lot of mitochondria because

A

they require energy for various processes, metabolism, chemical reactions and protein synthesis

114
Q

Some eukaryotic cells have no mitochondria such as the

A

red blood cells

115
Q

Mature lens fibre cells have no nuclei, no mitochondria and no ER, WHY?

A

Lens transparency through the formation of an organelle free zone

116
Q

What is special about the mitochondria in sperm cells?

A

Contain a spiral mitochondria wrapped around the flaggelum

117
Q

How does the number of mitochondria in the midpiece of the sperm relate to the feritlity?

A

The more mitochondria the greater the fertility

118
Q

Which cells should contain the most abundant golgi?

A

Cells active in protein synthesis

The Human Cell (11 decks)

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