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The Human Cell > Introduction to Cell Biology > Flashcards

Introduction to Cell Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the prefix cyto and the suffix -cyte refer to?

A

Both mean a hollow vessel referring to cells

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2
Q

What is the term given to the study of cells?

A

Cytology

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3
Q

What is the process of a substance moving into a cell referred to as?

A

Endocytosis

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4
Q

What is the process of a substance moving out of a cell referred to as?

A

Exocytosis

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5
Q

What is the term given to cell chemistry?

A

Cytochemistry

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6
Q

What would a liver cell be referred to as?

A

A hepatocyte

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7
Q

Cells are small units bound by a…

A

Plasma membrane (or cell wall)

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8
Q

Cells contain an aqueous fluid called

A

cytosol

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9
Q

Cells contain chemicals in the

A

cytoplasm

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10
Q

Cells have structural support due to the

A

cytoskeleton

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11
Q

Cells have membrane bound

A

organelles

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12
Q

Where do cells sit on the spectrum of life?

A

Atom, molecule, organelle, CELL, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism

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13
Q

Cells are the smallest

A

living entity

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14
Q

Some organisms can be

A

unicellular

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15
Q

What is a prion?

A

The term “prion” is derived from proteinacious infectious particle and refers to the pathogen that causes mad cow disease

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16
Q

What is the the actual name for mad cow disease?

A

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy

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17
Q

All living organisms have to harness

A

energy

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18
Q

All living organisms have to res…

A

Respire

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19
Q

All living organisms have to grow and

A

develop

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20
Q

All living organisms have to rep

A

reproduce

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21
Q

What is the theory of biogenesis

A

all life comes from pre-existing life

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22
Q

All living organisms have to respond to

A

stimuli

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23
Q

How do cells ‘eat’ and ‘drink’?

A

Eat - phagocytosis

Drink - pinocytosis

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24
Q

Cells can get larger, what is this termed?

A

Hypertrophy

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25
Cells can divide/proliferate, what is this termed?
Hyperplasia
26
Hyperplasia can be associated with disease, give an example
Prostate hyperplasia
27
Muscle cells may undergo this process with exercise
Hypertrophy
28
There are 37 trillion cells in the human body, around how many different types are there?
210
29
Cell proliferation occurs in two ways
Mitosis and meiosis
30
What does somatic mean?
Of the body
31
What type of cells undergo mitosis?
Somatic/ non-germ cells
32
What type of cells undergo meiosis?
germ cells, e.g. sperm and oocyte
33
Give three examples of living entities responding to stimuli
cells can move by cytochemotaxis phagocytic cells can ingest material they can divide in response to mitogens
34
What is a mitogen?
A chemical substance, normally a protein that stimulates a cell to divide
35
In 1665 who coined the term cells to describe the boxes he saw in cork?
Robert Hooke
36
Who thought that cells only existed in plants and fungi?
Robert Hooke
37
Who invented 25 different hand-made microscopes?
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
38
in 1673 Anton van Leeuwenhoek observed microorganisms he termed animalcules in
pondwater
39
Who was first to observe red blood cells in vertebrates?
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
40
List some cells that Anton van Leeuwenhoek saw
Protozoans, bacteria, vacuole, spermatozoan, striated muscle fibres
41
Which scientist wrote 560 letters to the Royal Society?
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
42
Matthias Schleiden in 1838 concluded that
all plant parts are made of cells
43
In 1839, Theodor Schwann concluded that
all animal tissues are made of cells
44
Rudolf Virchow didn't accept the theory of
Spontaneous generation
45
What theory did Rudolf Virchow conclude?
That all cells arise from preexisting cells - cell theory
46
What is the theory of spontaneous generation?
Spontaneous generation or anomalous generation is an obsolete body of thought on the ordinary formation of living organisms without descent from similar organisms.
47
In the 19th century, what was the theory about cells?
The cell theory - all organisms consist of one or more cells (schleiden & schwann) - the cell is the basic structural unit of all organisms (schleiden & schwann) - all cells arise from preexisting cells (virchow)
48
What did Watson & Crick come up with and in what year?
The cell contains the hereditary information which is passed from cell to cell during cell division 1950
49
Modern cell biology is at cross roads between which three subjects?
Cytology, biochemistry and genetics
50
What really led to the development of the cell theory?
Microscopy
51
What are the five different types of light microscopy?
``` Brightfield Phase contrast Differential phase contrast Confocal Fluorescene ```
52
How does the unstained brightfield light microscopy technique work?
Passes light directly through the specimen | Unless cell is naturally pigmented or artificially stained the image has little contrast
53
How does the stained brightfield light microscopy technique work?
Passes light directly through specimens | Staining with various dyes enhances contrast but most require cells to be fixed
54
How does the phase contrast light microscopy technique work?
Enhances contrast in unstained cells by amplifying variations in refractive index within specimen
55
What is the phase contrast light microscopy useful in observing?
Living, unpigmented cells
56
How does differential phase contrast light microscopy work?
By using optical modifications to exaggerate differences in refractive index
57
How does the confocal light microscopy technique work?
Uses lasers to focus illuminating beam on a single plane within a specimen Only regions within a narrow depth of focus are images
58
How does fluorescence microscopy work?
Shows the location of specific molecules in the cell Fluorescence substances absorb UV radiation and emit visible light May occur naturally or are made by tagging the molecules of interest with fluorescent dyes or antibodies
59
What are the subtypes of electron microscopy?
Scanning electron microscope | Transmission electron microscope
60
What is the maximum resolution of an electron microscope?
0.2nm
61
What is the maximum resolution of a light microscope?
200nm
62
What is the maximum resolution of the unaided eye?
200micrometres
63
In which three ways do cells differ?
Size Shape/structure Function

The Human Cell (11 decks)

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