CELL PARTS

Question 1

Two major parts of the cell

Answer 1

nucleus and cytoplasm

Question 2

The nucleus is separated from
the cytoplasm by a ______ _________.

Answer 2

nuclear membrane

Question 3

the cytoplasm is
separated from the surrounding
fluids by a cell membrane, also
called the _____ _________.

Answer 3

plasma membrane

Question 4

the “headquarters” or “control center” of the cell

Answer 4

nucleus

Question 5

contains the DNA that holds all the instructions for cell reproduction and protein building.

Answer 5

nucleus

Question 6

regulates gene expression and coordinates cellular activities

Answer 6

nucleus

Question 7

the nucleus regulates ____ _________ and coordinates _______ __________

Answer 7

gene expression
cellular activities

Question 8

A dense, round structure within
the nucleus which is responsible
for ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
synthesis and ribosome
assembly.

Answer 8

nucleolus

Question 9

Nucleolus is a dense, round structure within
the nucleus which is responsible
for _____
________ and ________
_______.

Answer 9

ribosomal RNA synthesis
ribosome assembly

Question 10

________ _______formed in
the nucleolus are transported to
the cytoplasm for protein
synthesis.

Answer 10

ribosomal subunits

Question 11

A double membrane that
encloses the nucleus, separating
it from the cytoplasm.

Answer 11

nuclear envelope

Question 12

regulate the exchange of
materials (e.g., RNA, proteins)
between the nucleus and the
cytoplasm.
- found in nuclear envelope

Answer 12

nuclear pores

Question 13

The gel-like substance inside the
nucleus that provides structural
support and houses chromatin
(DNA and proteins).

Answer 13

nucleoplasm

Question 14

Contains enzymes and molecules
necessary for DNA replication
and transcription.

Answer 14

nucleoplasm

Question 15

The complex of DNA and histone
proteins that condense to form
chromosomes during cell
division.

Answer 15

chromatin

Question 16

A set of loose network vital for cell
division.

Answer 16

chromatin

Question 17

selectively permeable barrier that
regulates the movement of
substances in and out of the cell.

Answer 17

plasma membrane/cell membrane

Question 18

Known to be the defining limits of
the cell.

Answer 18

plasma membrane

Question 19

plasma membrane involves different parts such as _____ ____, _______, _________, and ________.

Answer 19

bilipid layer
proteins
cholesterol
carbohydrates

Question 20

specialized structures that
connect adjacent cells, facilitating
communication, adhesion, and
the regulation of molecular
transport.

Answer 20

membrane junctions

Question 21

Form impermeable barriers
between adjacent cells,
preventing the leakage of
substances.

Answer 21

tight junctions

Question 22

Help maintain cell polarity by
restricting the movement of
molecules between the apical
and basolateral surfaces.

Answer 22

tight junctions

Question 23

Commonly found in epithelial
tissues lining the intestines,
kidneys, and blood-brain barrier.

Answer 23

tight junctions

Question 24

Provide mechanical strength and
flexibility by anchoring adjacent
cells together.

Answer 24

desmosomes

Question 25

Resist shear and mechanical stress, making them crucial in tissues subjected to stretching and tension.

Answer 25

desmosomes

Question 26

Found in tissues like the epidermis (skin), cardiac muscle, and bladder epithelium.

Answer 26

desmosomes

Question 27

Allow direct communication between adjacent cells by permitting the exchange of ions, nutrients, and signaling molecules.

Answer 27

gap junctions

Question 28

Enable synchronized activity, such as coordinated heart contractions and nerve impulses.

Answer 28

gap junctions

Question 29

Common in the heart, smooth muscles,and some neurons.

Answer 29

gap junctions

Question 30

- a variant of desmosomes - connects cell to extracellular matrix

Answer 30

hemidesmosomes

Question 31

supports other membrane junctions

Answer 31

adheren junctions

Question 32

gel-like substance that fills the interior of the cell, surrounding the organelles and providing a medium for biochemical reactions.

Answer 32

cytoplasm

Question 33

plays a crucial role in maintaining cell structure, supporting organelles, and facilitating molecular transport.

Answer 33

cytoplasm

Question 34

tiny, lozenge-like or sausage- shaped organelles.

Answer 34

mitochondria

Question 35

the“powerhouse”of the cell

Answer 35

mitochondria

Question 36

site of ATP production

Answer 36

mitochondria

Question 37

vital for apoptosis

Answer 37

mitochondria

Question 38

tiny, bilobed, dark bodies made of proteins and one variety of RNA called ribosomal RNA.

Answer 38

ribosomes

Question 39

actual sites of protein synthesis in the cell

Answer 39

ribosomes

Question 40

a network of interconnected membranes responsible for synthesizing proteins and lipids.

Answer 40

endoplasmic reticulum

Question 41

a system of fluid-filled cisterns (tubules, or canals) that coil and twist through the cytoplasm.

Answer 41

endoplasmic reticulum

Question 42

the cell membrane's factory

Answer 42

rough er

Question 43

rough ER was termed rough due to it being filled with ______.

Answer 43

ribosomes

Question 44

site of lipid synthesis

Answer 44

smooth ER

Question 45

detoxification of drugs and pesticides.

Answer 45

smooth ER

Question 46

produces steroids, e.g. testosterones

Answer 46

smooth ER

Question 47

Golgi Apparatus is also called ___________

Answer 47

golgi body/complex

Question 48

a stack of flattened membranous sacs, associated with swarms of tiny vesicles.

Answer 48

golgi apparatus

Question 49

functions as the "post office" of the cell, modifying, packaging, and sorting proteins and lipids for transport.

Answer 49

golgi apparatus

Question 50

small, membrane-bound organelles found in eukaryotic cells that play a crucial role in detoxification, lipid metabolism, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) regulation.

Answer 50

peroxisomes

Question 51

peroxisomes is a small, membrane-bound organelles found in eukaryotic cells that play a crucial role in __________, ______ _________, and ______ ______ ______ _________.

Answer 51

detoxification lipid metabolism reactive oxygen species (ROS) regulation

Question 52

Contains oxidative enzymes that help break down harmful substances and synthesize essential biomolecules.

Answer 52

peroxisomes

Question 53

a dynamic network of protein filaments that provides structural support, facilitates intracellular transport, and enables cell motility.

Answer 53

cytoskeleton

Question 54

3 types of cytoskeleton

Answer 54

- microfilaments - intermediate filaments - microtubules

Question 55

Thin filaments composed of actin that enable cell movement, shape changes, and intracellular transport.

Answer 55

microfilaments

Question 56

Hollow tubes made of tubulin that serve as tracks for motor proteins and help organize cellular structures, including mitotic spindles.

Answer 56

microtubules

Question 57

Rope-like fibers that provide mechanical strength and stability to cells.

Answer 57

intermediate filaments

Question 58

microfilaments enable ___ ___________, ______ ________, and _________ ___________.

Answer 58

cell movement shape changes intracellular transport

Question 59

the process where cells, especially in complex organisms, form and utilize extensions or projections from their cell bodies for various functions, including communication, movement, and sensing the environment.

Answer 59

cell extension

Question 60

Short, hair-like projections found on the surface of some animal cells.

Answer 60

cilia

Question 61

Function in movement (e.g., clearing mucus from the respiratory tract) and sensory reception.

Answer 61

cilia

Question 62

Example: In the respiratory tract, _____ move mucus and trapped particles away from the lungs.

Answer 62

cilia

Question 63

Long, whip-like structures used for cell movement.

Answer 63

flagella

Question 64

Found in sperm cells, enabling them to swim toward the egg during fertilization.

Answer 64

flagella

Question 65

Prokaryotic flagella differ from eukaryotic ones in ________ and ________ ____________.

Answer 65

structure movement mechanism

Question 66

Finger-like projections that increase the surface area of the plasma membrane.

Answer 66

microvilli

Question 67

Enhance nutrient absorption in intestinal cells.

Answer 67

microvilli

Question 68

Contain chlorophyll, a pigment that absorbs light energy for photosynthesis.

Answer 68

chloroplast

Question 69

stages of photosynthesis

Answer 69

- Light-dependent reactions (convert light energy into chemical energy). - Calvin cycle (uses ATP and NADPH to synthesize glucose).

Question 70

convert light energy into chemical energy

Answer 70

light-dependent reactions

Question 71

uses ATP and NADPH to synthesize glucose

Answer 71

calvin cycle

Question 72

provides structural support and protects the cell

Answer 72

cell wall

Question 73

Composed of cellulose, which makes it rigid and strong.

Answer 73

cell wall

Question 74

Regulates water intake and prevents excessive water absorption.

Answer 74

cell wall

Question 75

cell wall is composed of _______, which makes it rigid and strong.

Answer 75

cellulose

Question 76

Stores nutrients, ions, and waste products.

Answer 76

large vacuole

Question 77

Helps maintain turgor pressure, which keeps the plant upright.

Answer 77

large vacuole

Question 78

Plays a role in detoxification and pigment storage.

Answer 78

large vacuole

Question 79

Connect adjacent plant cells, allowing for the exchange of ions, nutrients, and signaling molecules.

Answer 79

plasmodesmata

Question 80

Found in centrosomes, help in cell division by organizing the mitotic spindle.

Answer 80

centriole

Question 81

Play a role in forming cilia and flagella.

Answer 81

centriole

Question 82

centriole play a role in forming ______ and ________.

Answer 82

cillia flagella

Question 83

While both plant and animal cells can contain _______, they are more prominent in animal cells

Answer 83

lysosomes

Question 84

degrade biomolecules through enzymatic hydrolysis, recycling cellular components through autophagy.

Answer 84

lysosomes

Question 85

Unlike eukaryotic cells, prokaryotes do not have a nucleus; instead, their DNA is concentrated in the ________, an irregularly shaped region within the cytoplasm.

Answer 85

nucleoid

Question 86

small, circular DNA molecules separate from the main chromosome.

Answer 86

plasmids

Question 87

They often carry genes that provide advantages, such as antibiotic resistance, and can be transferred between bacteria through horizontal gene transfer.

Answer 87

plasmids

Question 88

an outer layer made of polysaccharides that protects bacteria from desiccation, host immune responses, and environmental stress.

Answer 88

capsule

Question 89

capsule is made of

Answer 89

polysaccharides

Question 90

also helps bacteria adhere to surfaces, making them more resilient in various environments.

Answer 90

capsule

Question 91

hair-like structures that extend from the bacterial surface, assisting in attachment to host cells and surfaces.

Answer 91

pili

Question 92

facilitate bacterial conjugation, a process where bacteria exchange genetic material, increasing genetic diversity.

Answer 92

pili/sex pili