LESSON 1 Flashcards by jewel valerie

a branch of science that deals with living organisms and their vital
processes. Biology encompasses diverse fields, including botany,
conservation, ecology, evolution, genetics, marine biology, medicine,
microbiology, molecular biology, physiology, and zoology.

Biology

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the study of living things

biology

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the science of life

biology

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come in an astounding variety of shapes and forms, and biologists
study life in many different ways.

living things

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Before Aristotle, many
Greek philosophers had
speculated about the
origins of the Earth and
of Life, but their
theorizing was
unsupported by
empirical investigation

ANTIQUITY

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Middle ages brought a
decline in the Roman
Empire and the
disappearance of
knowledge, but Renaissance
expanded interest in both
empirical natural history
and physiology.

RENAISSANCE

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This covers 17th to 18th
century. Systematizing,
naming and classifying
dominated natural
history throughout
much of the 17th and
18th centuries.

AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT

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Biology advanced in
many ways, including
the establishment of
evolutionary theory,
cell theory, and the
laws of heredity.

19th CENTURY

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In the 20th century, biology
focused on molecular
biology, genetics, and the
application of mathematics
and information theory.

MODERN DAYS

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Greek Philosopher
Pioneered Zoology

Aristotle (384-322 BC)

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First to classify living things
Divided the plants into herbs,
shrubs, trees, and animals into
land dwellers, water dwellers,
and air dwellers

Aristotle (384-322 BC)

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Greek physician who described
the anatomy of the human
body based on dissections of
apes and pigs.

Claudius Galen (131-200 AD)

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showed that arteries carry
blood

Claudius Galen (131-200 AD)

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Father of Modern Anatomy
He pioneered the comparative
approach

Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564)

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A Belgian who made the first
studies on human anatomy by
dissecting corpses “De Humani
Corporis Fabrica”.

Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564)

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English physician who showed
conclusively that the heart
pumps the blood and the blood
circulates.

William Harvey (1578-1657)

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proved the principle that
structure and function must be
studied together.

William Harvey (1578-1657)

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Italian physician and anatomist
who was the founder of
microscopic anatomy.

Marcello Malpighi (1628-1694)

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discovered capillaries and red
blood cells.

Marcello Malpighi (1628-1694)

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observed the microscopic
components of the liver, brain,
kidneys, spleen, bone, and the
Malpighian layer

Marcello Malpighi (1628-1694)

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A Dutch cloth merchant who
was the first to use the
microscope with great
observational and descriptive
skills.

Anton van Leeuwenhoek
(1632-1694)

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His most important discoveries
were microorganisms (including
bacteria), sperm cells and
single-celled organisms called
protozoans

Anton van Leeuwenhoek
(1632-1694)

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Father of Taxonomy

Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778)

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Swedish biologist who developed binomial nomenclature to classify and organize plants and animals

Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778)

Father of Genetics

Gregor Mendel (1822-1884)

Austrian biologist who developed the principles of heredity by studying the variation and heredity of seven pairs of inherited characteristics in pea plants

Gregor Mendel (1822-1884)

- An English naturalist - The most prominent figure in the history of biology.

Charles Darwin (1809-1882)

- His book “Origin of Species” (1859) presents the theory of evolution by natural selection. - His work provided a unifying, organizing framework for the field of biology.

Charles Darwin (1809-1882)

BASIC PROPERTIES OF LIFE

- Order - Sensitivity/Response to Stimuli - Reproduction - Adaptation - Growth and Development - Regulation and Homeostasis - Energy Processing - Evolution

Organisms are highly organized, coordinated structures that consist of one or more cells. Even very simple, single-celled organisms are remarkably complex.

Order

Organisms respond to diverse stimuli. Movement toward a stimulus is considered a positive response, while movement away from a stimulus is considered a negative response.

Sensitivity/Response to Stimuli

When reproduction occurs, genes containing DNA are passed along to an organism’s offspring. These genes ensure that the offspring will belong to the same species and will have similar characteristics, such as size and shape.

Reproduction

All living organisms exhibit a “fit” to their environment. It is a consequence of evolution by natural selection, which operates in every lineage of reproducing organisms.

Adaptation

Organisms grow and develop following specific instructions coded for by their genes. These genes provide instructions that will direct cellular growth and development.

Growth and Development

Even the smallest organisms are complex and require multiple regulatory mechanisms to coordinate internal functions, maintain internal condition, respond to stimuli, and cope with environmental stresses.

Regulation and Homeostasis

All organisms use a source of energy, whether capturing it from the sun or converting food to energy, for their metabolic activities.

Energy Processing

The diversity of life on Earth is a result of mutation or random changes in hereditary material over time. These mutations allow the possibility for organisms to adapt to a changing environment.

Evolution

the mathematical and experimental technique employed in the sciences. More specifically, it is the technique used in the construction and testing of a scientific hypothesis.

Scientific Method

THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD

- Make an Observation - Ask a Question - Form a Hypothesis - Test the Hypothesis - Analyze your Data - Share your Results

Scientific inquiry begins with observation.

Make an Observation

Science inquiry involves asking questions and processing information from a variety of reliable sources.

Ask a Question

- A hypothesis is a testable explanation of a situation. - When a hypothesis is supported by data from additional investigations, usually it is considered valid and is accepted by the scientific community.

Form a Hypothesis

- Experiment tests whether your prediction is accurate and thus your hypothesis is supported or not. - It needs to be a fair test. - You conduct a fair test by making sure that you change only one factor at a time while keeping all other conditions the same.

Test a Hypothesis

Once your experiment is complete, you collect your measurements and analyze them to see if they support your hypothesis or not.

Analyze your Data

- Share your results to form new hypotheses. - If the reviewers agree on the merit of the paper, then the paper is published for review by the public and used by other scientists.

Share your Results

How do we showcase the diversity of life?

BIODIVERSITY

refers to all of the variety of life that exists on Earth.

Biological diversity or biodiversity

Biodiversity can be described and measured at three different levels: ______, ________, and ________ _________.

species genetic ecosystem diversity

How do we classify living things?

Taxonomy

The science of classifying organisms is called ___________.

taxonomy

________________ is an important step in understanding the present diversity and past evolutionary history of life on Earth. It helps make sense of the overwhelming diversity of living things.

Classification

- developed by Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus in the 1700s. - grouping organisms that shared obvious morphological traits, such as the number of legs or shape of leaves.

Linnaean Classification

He tried to classify all living things that were known at his time.

Carolus Linnaeus in the 1700s

gives each species a unique, two-word Latin name consisting of the genus name followed by a specific species identifier.

Binomial Nomenclature

Homo sapiens

wise human

Linnaean Classification

Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

Linnaean Classification mnemonic

D' King Philip Came Over From Germany Sober

a taxon that is larger and more inclusive than the kingdom.

Domain

the three domains of life on Earth

BACTERIA ARCHAEA EUKARYA

- Single-celled organisms that lacks nucleus - E. coli, Streptococcus, Bacillus

BACTERIA

- Single-celled organisms that lacks nucleus - methanogens, halophiles, archaeal thermophiles

ARCHAEA

- Single-celled or multi- celled organisms that contains nucleus - Plants, Animals, Fungi, Protists

EUKARYA

a taxonomy rank that is below domain and above phylum. In other words, it is a broad classification of organisms according to their characteristics.

Kingdom

There are 6 kingdoms namely:

- Animalia - Plantae - Fungi - Protista - Eubacteria - Archaebacteria

Multicellular, heterotrophic organisms that lack cell walls and rely on movement for survival (e.g., humans, insects, fish).

Animalia

Multicellular, autotrophic organisms with cell walls made of cellulose; they perform photosynthesis (e.g., trees, flowers, grasses).

Plantae

Mostly multicellular (some unicellular), heterotrophic organisms with cell walls made of chitin; they decompose organic matter (e.g., mushrooms, mold, yeast).

Fungi

A diverse group of mostly unicellular eukaryotic organisms that don’t fit into other kingdoms; some are autotrophic, others heterotrophic (e.g., algae, amoeba, paramecium).

Protista

True bacteria; unicellular prokaryotes with peptidoglycan in their cell walls, found in diverse environments (e.g., E. coli, Streptococcus).

Eubacteria

Ancient bacteria; unicellular prokaryotes without peptidoglycan in their cell walls, often found in extreme environments (e.g., Methanogens, Halophiles).

Archaebacteria