LESSON 2

Question 1

large organic
cellular components abundantly obtained
naturally and are responsible for a variety of
essential functions for the growth and survival of living organisms.

Answer 1

biological macromolecules

Question 2

substances that contain carbon (C)

Answer 2

organic compounds

Question 3

provide the key structural framework that generates the vast diversity of
organic compounds.

Answer 3

carbon atoms

Question 4

All things on Earth (and most likely elsewhere in the
universe) that can be described as living have a crucial dependence on ________ ___________.

Answer 4

organic compounds

Question 5

examples of organic compounds

Answer 5

fats
proteins
carbohydrates
hemoglobin
chlorophyll
enzymes
hormones
vitamins

Question 6

Macromolecules are ___________.

Answer 6

POLYMERS

Question 7

are large molecules made up of monomers.

Answer 7

Polymers

Question 8

formed by bonding (chemically linking) a series of building blocks.

Answer 8

Polymers

Question 9

The word polymer comes from the Greek word for “_____ _____.” Each of those parts is what scientists call a monomer (which in
Greek means “___ ______”).

Answer 9

many parts
one part

Question 10

4 biomolecules

Answer 10

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acid

Question 11

include sugars
and starches, contain carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen. With slight
variations, the hydrogen and oxygen
atoms appear in the same ratio as in
water; that is, two hydrogen atoms to
one oxygen atom.

Answer 11

Carbohydrates

Question 12

3 types of Carbohydrates

Answer 12

Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides

Question 13

• Simple sugars
• Single-chain or single-ring structures,
  containing from three to seven carbon atoms.

Answer 13

Monosaccharides

Question 14

examples of Monosaccharides

Answer 14

glucose
fructose
galactose
ribose
deoxyribose.

Question 15

• Double Sugars
• When two simple sugars are joined.

Answer 15

Disaccharides

Question 16

examples of Disaccharides

Answer 16

• sucrose (glucose-fructose)
• lactose (glucose-galactose)
• maltose (glucose-glucose)

Question 17

• Long, branching chains of linked simple sugars.
• Lacks sweetness due to its large size

Answer 17

Polysaccharides

Question 18

examples of Polysaccharides

Answer 18

Starch and Glycogen; Cellulose and Chitin

Question 19

are a large and diverse group of
organic compounds.

Answer 19

Lipids

Question 20

Lipids enter the
body in the form of _________ _____,
___ _____, _____ _________, and _____.

Answer 20

fat-marbled meats
egg yolks
milk products
oils

Question 21

In lipids, _____ and _________ atoms
far outnumber ______ atoms.

Answer 21

carbon
hydrogen
oxygen

Question 22

3 types of Lipids

Answer 22

Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Steroids

Question 23

• Neutral fats
• Composed of fatty acids and glycerol, has more carbon and hydrogen than oxygen.

Answer 23

Triglycerides

Question 24

examples of Triglycerides

Answer 24

trans fats
omega-3
oils
butter margarine

Question 25

- Similar with triglycerides, but differ in phosphorus-containing group - Composed of fatty acids and glycerol, has polarity, and is considered water- and fat-soluble.

Answer 25

Phospholipids

Question 26

example of Phospholipids

Answer 26

found in cell membranes

Question 27

- Fat soluble - Flat molecules formed of four interlocking rings; thus, their structure differs quite a bit from that of fats

Answer 27

Steroids

Question 28

example of Steroids

Answer 28

Cholesterol

Question 29

Account for over 50 percent of the organic matter in the body, and they have the most varied functions of the organic molecules. Has two types based on overall shape and structure, either fibrous or globular proteins.

Answer 29

Proteins

Question 30

2 major structural classifications of Proteins

Answer 30

- Fibrous proteins - Globular proteins

Question 31

- Also called structural proteins - Appear most often in body structures and are very important in binding structures and providing strength.

Answer 31

Fibrous Protein

Question 32

examples of Fibrous Protein

Answer 32

Keratin Collagen

Question 33

- mobile, generally compact, spherical molecules. - these water-soluble proteins play crucial roles in virtually all biological processes.

Answer 33

Globular Protein

Question 34

examples of Globular Protein

Answer 34

Antibodies, Hormones, Enzymes

Question 35

Functions of Proteins

Answer 35

- enzyme catalyst - defense (antibodies) - transport - support (structure-wise) - motion - regulation (hormones) - storage

Question 36

make up the genes, which provide the basic blueprint of life.

Answer 36

Nucleic Acids

Question 37

bases of Nucleic Acids

Answer 37

- adenine (A) - guanine (G) - cytosine (C) - thymine (T) - uracil (U)

Question 38

three major kinds of nucleic acid

Answer 38

- deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) - ribonucleic acid (RNA) - Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP).

Question 39

- genetic material found within the cell nucleus (the control center of the cell). - Made up of a double chain of nucleotides.

Answer 39

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Question 40

- ensure genetic information is identical before replication - provides the instructions for building every protein in the body.

Answer 40

roles of Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Question 41

- located outside the nucleus and can be considered the “molecular slave” of DNA. - A single strand of nucleotide.

Answer 41

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

Question 42

carries the information for building the protein from the DNA genes to the ribosomes.

Answer 42

Messenger RNA

Question 43

ferries amino acids to the ribosomes.

Answer 43

Transfer RNA

Question 44

forms part of the ribosomes.

Answer 44

Ribosomal RNA

Question 45

- The chemical energy provider that all body cells use. - Without this, molecules cannot be made or broken down, cells cannot maintain their boundaries, and all life processes grind to a halt

Answer 45

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)